The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 Need for National Security...

In a post-September 11th America, it is not uncommon for the mentioning of the word â€Å"terrorist† to spark any number of emotions in its citizens. In response to activities such as the attacks on the World Trade Center, Pentagon, as well as the 2001 anthrax scares, Congress proposed the USA PATRIOT Act. Supporters of the Act cite the importance and immeasurable need for greater protection in terms of national security, which is the government’s responsibility first and foremost to protect its citizens from enemies foreign and domestic. However, for every proponent there is an equally passionate opponent who partially believe not only does the Act impede on civil liberties and individual rights but was an opportunistic ploy to grant excess†¦show more content†¦The following paragraphs delve into a brief synopsis of controversial issues surrounding the USA PATRIOT Act. The issue of surveillance practices has been a cause of concern since the Acts establishment . Title II of the act entitled â€Å"Enhanced Surveillance Procedures† which encompasses Section 201 through Section 225 (USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, 2001) is devoted specifically to outlining expanded government powers. Since 2001 certain controversial statutes were removed or changed such as the â€Å"requirement that the government prove a surveillance target under FISA is a non-U.S. citizen and agent of a foreign power† (Justice). It is stated in several resources that part of the initial discourse of surveillance powers was due to a general misunderstanding in the meaning. The surveillance portion of the USA PATRIOT Act seemingly provided additional government power in situations crucial to national security; it allowed for techniques to find, track, and gather information on suspected terrorists and terrorist activity especially on U.S. soil. Also expanded upon were wiretapping abilities of agencies to trail extremist activity without alerting them to the interfere nce. The two provisions stated, while very general in description, provide grounds for an immense sense of security. Government and law enforcement agencies had a greater expanse of power in recognizing, identifying, tracking, and possibly preventing future incidents of threatShow MoreRelated We Must Regain Our Lost Civil Liberties Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pages With our nation’s tragedy of September 11, 2001, arose a deeply shaken America, shocked by the extent of the cruelty. An act of terrorism of that magnitude had never been seen before in our country. Patriots quickly came together, supporting the president to pass legislation, known as the USA Patriot Act, to tackle internal and external threats to this nation. The debate ensued, focused on which types of surveillance technology should or shouldnt be allowed for arresting terrorists. 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Analysis of Diaglogues Concerning Natural Religion by...

Word Count: Professor Nelson Philosophical Perspectives 12 October 2012 Writing Assignment #1 Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion by David Hume is a philosophical piece concerning the existence of God. Arguments for and against the existence of God are portrayed in dialogue through three characters; Demea, Cleanthes, and Philo. All three agree that God exists, but they drastically differ in their opinions of God’s attributes or characteristics, and if man can understand God. The characters debate such topics as the design and whether there is more suffering or good in the world. It is a very common view among philosophers that Philo most represents Hume’s own views. Philo doesn’t go as far as denying the existence of God but†¦show more content†¦For a God who does not have infinite power, the defeat of all sin and the defeat of the grave is almost a definite impossibility. To believe an impotent God could resurrect would be as illogical as to believe any human could complete this task. The second portion asks if he is able but not willing. This would make him malevolent. God is supposed to be omnimalevolent, all loving and all good. A God who is able to stop all evil but doesn’t is clearly not loving then, correct? Christians would respond that this apparent ignorance from God is actually human sin and not God turning his back on us. The final portion of the old questions asks â€Å"is he both able and willing? Whence then is evil?† (Hume 198). It would seem logical that if God is omnipotent and omnimalevolent as Christians believe then he would be able and willing to stop all evil. Since there is clearly evil in this world, wouldn’t that mean that God is just evil and relishes in the suffering of humans? Of the three questions, this is the least logical. God could not be omnimalevolent and evil because, by definition, these two characteristics contrast. Someone could not be all good and evil at the same time. Later on Philo, clearly the skeptic, brings up four sources of misery in the world that are, according to him, unnecessary. These four sources are physical pain, general laws, limited abilities, and the fragile nature of the universe. The first source of misery that Philo addresses is physical pain.

Improvement of Data Processing Operation

Question: Discuss about theImprovement of Data Processing Operation of GrandWine Ltd. Answer: Swot Analysis Strengths 1. The organization has loyal customer base and dedicated group of sales representatives. 2. The company already has central database for storing the data. 3. The company is able to share order related data with all its stores at the same time 4. The delay in the processing of data will be reduced by equipping the employees with the wireless device. 5. Every store in NSW region coordinates with each other for completing the customer orders. Weakness 1. The rate of data processing is slow. 2. Customer satisfaction is low for the company. 3. No knowledge about the stock levels at the headquarters leads to the backdated orders. 4. Manual data processing leads to the wrong data entry to the database leading to more delay in the process. 5. Confusion between the representatives and the customers due to the wrong order details. Opportunity 1. Using the wireless devices the representatives will collect more customers with accuracy. 2. Speed and accuracy in processing and delivery of the orders. 3. Improved order processing rate and customer satisfaction. 4. Easy tracking of the stock of Wine at headquarter and stores. 5. Better efficiency of the sales representatives in completing the ordering process. Threats 1. Lack of speed and accuracy in the processing and delivering the orders will lead to loss of clients. 2. Extra amount of investment for managing new system of wireless devices. 3. Speed of internet will affect on the processing of order data. 4. Resistance against the change in the processing of the order by the representatives. 5. As the whole process is dependent on the internet then the company may suffer from data thefts via cyber attacks leading to loss in business. Project Charter Date: 12/22/2016 Project Title: Automation of order processing operation of GrandWine Ltd. Project Start Date: 10 Jan 2017 Project End Date: 10 Jun 2017 Budget Information: $ 60,000.00 Project Manager: [Please fill your name], [Please fill your mail id], [Please fill your contact no] Project Objectives: The project is performed in order to reduce the time period and cost for the processing of the order data of the customers. The project will equip the representatives of GrandWine with wireless devices and train them to efficiently use it in data collection process (Azhar Ahmad, 2014). At the end of the project, GrandWine will be able to process the order details faster than the manual process. This project will help the company to achieve a higher rate of customer satisfaction. Acceptance Criteria The project must be completed in the due date determined by the director and project manager for this project. All the requirements of different stakeholders of this project are met after the completion of the project. After the completion of this ICT project, the representatives must be able to send and collect Client order data to the central database of GrandWine. The rate of processing the order related data must increase by 50% when the employees are equipped with wireless data entry device. Assumptions In this project it is assumed that, the resistance against the change from the representatives in the organization will be properly addressed by the top management of GrandWine. The data collected and sent through the wireless devices will be transmitted in secured way (Like using encryption technique while transmitting the data). Constraints The desired performance from the wireless devices will be realized only when GrandWine acquires high speed internet connectivity for all its stores in NSW region which asks for a large amount of investment (Galbraith McAdam, 2013). Thus, the availability of the high speed internet connection will act as the constraint in realising the desired result from this project. StakeholderList Stakeholder No Name and Signature Role and Responsibility Position Contact Information 1 [Please Fill] Conducting survey in the market to get the quality devices with minimum price. Technical Specialist. [Please Fill] 2 [Please Fill] To allocate activities to the team members and scheduling of the activities. Project manager [Please Fill] 3 [Please Fill] To monitor and track the progress of the whole project. CEO of GrandWine Ltd [Please Fill] 4 [Please Fill] Responsible for documenting business requirements of GrandWine that will be achieved by this project. Business Analyst [Please Fill] 5 [Please Fill] Responsible for allocation of financial resources for this project. Sponsor [Please Fill] 6 [Please Fill] To provide training program to representatives so that they will be able to send and receive data from data base. Trainer [Please Fill] Lessons Learned Due to this project there will be a change in the working procedure of the sales representatives (Azhar Ahmad, 2014). Therefore it is possible that there will be some resistance from the side of the representatives which must be addressed by motivating them in a proper manner to use the devices. Like all other projects it is oblivious that the project will be affected by some risks therefore it is important to have a risk management plan. Charter Signoff Name Sign with date CEO of GrandWine [Please Fill] Project manager [Please Fill] Sponsor [Please Fill] Business analyst [Please Fill] Trainer [Please Fill] Technical specialist [Please Fill] Communication Plan Template Plan purpose For this project it is important to meet the interests of all the stakeholders involved in this project. It will help GrandWine and the project team to achieve the project objectives, enhance the effectiveness of the data processing process and to deliver the measurable outcomes after the completion of this project (Bhm Motschnig-Pitrik, 2015). Change management This project will bring a change in the business process of GrandWine Ltd. This change will also have impact on the sales representative and their way of working. Therefore it is important for the supervisors and top level mangers to make them understand the benefits of using wireless devices in the data entry operation (Azhar Ahmad, 2014). This is also important to successfully complete the project and get the desired outcome/ result after the completion of this project. Meeting agenda Being a new project in the organization and to meet the expectations of all the stakeholders of the project it is important to arrange meeting and communicate with each other about the expectations from the project (Galbraith McAdam, 2013). Furthermore, it is also important to inform the project manager and CEO of GrandWine about the progress in the project in the meetings. Stakeholder Information to be shared Frequency of information exchange Location of information exchange Purpose of communication Mechanism for communication Who What When Where Why How CEO of GrandWine The status report about the project. Monthly Meetings To track the progress of report. Meetings. Project manager About the completed activities and remaining activities. Weekly Team meetings Managing and using the available human resources in an optimal way to complete the project. Conferences Sponsor About the required financial resources for the different activities. Whenever required Administrative office. To get the financial resources important to complete certain activities. Mails Trainer About the training plan for the representatives of GrandWine Ltd. monthly Training workshops. In order to properly train the representative to use the devices efficiently. Meetings, workshops Technical specialist About implementing and managing the devices required to complete the project. Weekly or whenever required IT administrator office To acquire and provide the devices to the employees. Mails, One to one meetings References Azhar, S., Ahmad, I. (2014). Introduction to the special issue on information and communication technology (ICT) in AEC organizations: assessment of impact on work practices, project delivery, and organizational behavior.Journal of Management in Engineering,31(1), A2014001. Bhm, C., Motschnig-Pitrik, R. (2015). New Research Perspectives on Managing Diversity in International ICT Project Teams. InSystemic Flexibility and Business Agility(pp. 21-31). Springer India. Cicmil, S., Williams, T., Thomas, J., Hodgson, D. (2006). Rethinking project management: researching the actuality of projects.International Journal of Project Management,24(8), 675-686. Galbraith, B., McAdam, R. (2013). The convergence of ICT, policy, intermediaries and society for technology transfer: evidence from European innovation projects.Technology Analysis Strategic Management,25(3), 249-252. Marnewick, C. (2012, October). A longitudinal analysis of ICT project success. InProceedings of the South African Institute for Computer Scientists and Information Technologists Conference(pp. 326-334). ACM. Nawi, H. S. A., Rahman, A. A., Ibrahim, O. (2012). Government ICT project failure factors: project stakeholders views.Journal of Research and Innovation in Information System,2, 69-77.

Romeo Juliet Socratic Seminar Entry Ticket Essay Example

Romeo Juliet Socratic Seminar Entry Ticket Essay Upon fir SST seeing Juliet, e asks to a Serviceman, What ladys that, which doth enrich / the hand / Of yonder knight? (II, v, 3840). Romeo immediately spots Juliet across the dance floor and is mess merited by her beauty. Juliet is young and naive, so when Juliet meets the very attractive Romeo, she too, falls in love with him at first sight. After having not met each other for not even a full day, they essentially decide to get married, despite knowing the identities of each other and the feuds that occur between their two families. In , love is an overpowering force that prevails over all other values, loyalties, and emotions. Romeo and Juliet are starched lovers and this is a f act that can never be changed fate controls them forever. When Juliet hears about Rome gos banishment from Verona, she does not even care that this was because he killed her ova,JNI cousin Table she is just glad that Romeo is still alive. Upon hearing of her arranged marriage e with Paris by her parents, shed rather commit suicide than be with him because she is lealer day married to her love, Romeo. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo Juliet Socratic Seminar Entry Ticket specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo Juliet Socratic Seminar Entry Ticket specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo Juliet Socratic Seminar Entry Ticket specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer She does not even take into consideration her parents wish sees for her wellbeing that they have her marry Paris, all because of her unbreakable love with Romeo. When Romeo hears news of Gullets death, he acts in haste because his beloved d Juliet is no longer with him in this world. He says, Well, Juliet, will lie with thee tonight. / Lets see for means (V,I, 3435). Instantly, he decides to commit suicide at Gullets side. Blind deed by his love for her, he disregards everything and wishes to die so that he can join Julia et in her grave to die together and never be separated from her. ) Friar Laurence plays the part of a wise adviser to Romeo and Juliet , along with aiding in major plot developments. Alone, he foreshadows the later, tragic events of the play with his liquor about plants and their similarities to humans. When Romeo requests the Friar marry him to , he is shocked, because only days before, Romeo had been infatuated with Rosalie a woman who did not return his love. Nev ertheless, Friar Laurence decides to marry Romeo and Juliet in the attempt to stop the civil fee du between the Capsules and the Montague . When Romeo is banished for killing Table and flees to Mantra , Friar Laurence tries to help the Non lovers get back. Prince says, We have still known thee for a holy man. 3) Romeos decision to approach Juliet on her balcony is fraught with consensus hat Juliet makes very clear, basically telling him that he will face death if her f amply spots him there. It is also true, however, that Juliet pushes Romeo to declare h is intent to marry her. I suppose she does this knowing that her parents want her to m et Paris, but it is a hasty decision, and one which leads to their deaths. If he had not been banished, the whole Juliet faking her death would have goon e down much differently, because Romeo could have been close at hand and known t he details. For me, the most impact choice is Gullets decision not to share her plan wit h the Nurse. Had she done so, the Nurse, as she has done so often, would have pro detected Juliet. Even though she told Juliet to forget about Romeo and marry Paris (eve n after Juliet was married), her motivation was to see Juliet happy. With Juliet since SSH e was born, she adored her and, like her mother, was brokenhearted to see Juliet so unhappy. The Nurse was even resentful of Romeos hand in Tables death, buy t for Juliet, she would eventually have gotten over it. However, because Juliet does not take the Nurse into her confidence, there is no one at her side when Romeo shows up. It seems safe to assume that the Nurse would have been there waiting, though certainly Friar Lawrence should have been. Having backup plan in place would have saved Gullets life, and she and Romeo could have run away together until their parents got over losing them both. The marriage of Romeo and Juliet which occurs only a blink of an eye after t hey meet is the most devastating action they take. For, after this act of union, Romeo a ND Juliet have committed themselves to one path and cannot change or return to not her. Were they not married, Romeo would not have tried to calm Table, and Mercuric may not have died. Were they not married, Juliet would not have been faced with the d lemma of what to do about marrying Paris. If Romeo and Juliet were more gradual about expressing their love, perhaps t hey could have eased their parents into the idea of their loving someone who has long b en declared an enemy. Perhaps the choice with the most impact was the decision to keep this relation unships and marriage a secret. Romeo and Juliet basically eloped. Their parents and the p urine were unaware of their decision. Perhaps the marriage might have been prove need if the families were aware. Perhaps the feuding would have stopped or at least Oslo deed. Certainly Romeo and Juliet wouldnt have ended up in the same situation if the eye had been honest about their relationship Romeos initial choice to court Juliet despite the feed between their families s memos like the most significant choice of the play. Essentially all of the action (and turmoil I and tragedy) of the play stems from this decision. Hint the choice Of Romeo to have gone to the party, and after leaving the pa arty he decided to talk to Juliet is the crucial turning point. If he had been turned away y from seeking her attention at some point, the rest of the story would never have ha penned. L also believe the fact that Romeo could not tell his parents about his love, and when he killed gullets cousin that was a great turning point as you can never go back oaf terror have done that. 4) Most of the events that happen in Romeo and Juliet lead up to the final con occlusion of the couple dying. Many, if not all, Of the characters also play an ultimate role in the Eire tragic deaths. The characters that cause the most dramatic effect upon Romeo and Gullets d death are Friar Laurence, Table, and Gullets father, Lord Caplet. Friar Laurence marries Room e and Juliet, which causes most of the problems, since they always want to be together, eve en though it is very difficult for them to accomplish this. Table is the reason Romeo is to be banished, and Gullets parents are the cause for Juliet to become enraged and make rash decide sons. Friar Laurence plays a very large role in the deaths of Romeo and Juliet since he baa socially is the go between man in this play. First off, he marries the two actresses lover The rest of the events in the story tumble down from here since nothing see ms to ever go right for both Romeo and Juliet. The Friar gives Juliet a potion, which is intend deed not to kill re, but allow to her to run away and have a better life with Romeo. It does en d up causing them both to die, since there is much confusion and immix. The letter the Fri. r sent did not get to Romeo in time, causing him to become extremely upset and to kill him elf. Secondly, Table, his hatred towards the Montague family, and the actions he takes end s in Romeo being banished. When Table strikes Mercuric down with his sword, Mercuric says, Why the devil came you between us? I was hurt under your arm(act Ill, SC I, 9798), Or memo feels guilty and decides to avenge his friend by killing Table. As a result, he become s banished, which in turn, devastates Juliet, causing her to feel hopeless and suicidal. With Romeo gone from their town of Verona, news cannot reach him easily therefore communion action becomes difficult. This road block causes him to get the news of Juliet being dead, eve n though she is not. This causes both of them to make bad choices that end in their deaths. L ghastly, Lord Caplet, Gullets father, causes Juliet to become so flustered and sad, that she decides to take drastic actions and fake her own death. Gullets usual obeying behavior is cruse heed when she finds out of her fathers plans for her to marry Paris. She becomes upset, and decides to just lie about being excited and happy, in order to trick her parents. With a rash d session, she fakes her death. This causes Romeo to become misled and inevitably kill him elf. When Juliet awakens from her deathlike slumber, she sees Romeo dead and in devastates n, kills herself as well. Almost every decision leads up to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet, and there a few characters that also play a very large part in their deaths. These character s are Friar Laurence, Table, and Lord Caplet, and they assist fate in succeeding in not al lowing Romeo and Juliet to be together. Of course, in real life, communication is much easier to come by with the use of phones, computers, and faster methods of transportation. Love e a very difficult thing, especially when there are outside forces not wanting you, and y our lover, to be together like in Romeo and Gullets situation. In the final scene, the Prince speaks rightly when he blames Lords Caplet an d Montague for not only Romeos and Gullets deaths, but also for the deaths of the Princes o won relatives. The Prince blames their hatred and their feud for all of these deaths. We see t his accusation in the princes lines: Where be these enemies? Caplet, Montage, See what a scourge is laid upon your hate, That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love! And l, for winking tatty, discords too, Have lost a brace of kinsmen. All are punished. (Act 5, Scene 3) However, others are also indirectly responsible for Romeos and Gullets death s. While Friar Laurence broke no law nor holy sanction in marrying Romeo and Juliet without t parental consent, even though his motive seems noble, one has to question the sensei lenses of his decision. Friar Laurence agrees to marry them because he believed the Lillian CE may so happy prove, / To turn your households rancorous to pure love. In other words, he believed that uniting Romeo and Juliet in wedlock would put an end to the feud. The flag win his plan is that the marriage was performed in secret with no immediate plan unveil the marriage. Had he been wiser, he would have foreseen that the ongoing feud would prevent any real relationship between Romeo and Juliet, sabotaging his efforts to create peace. Instead, he should have postponed the marriage until he, himself, could prepare Lords Caplet and M Montague for the union. Friar Laurence continued to make things even worse by lying to Lord C applet in eloping Juliet fake her death. For all of these reasons Friar Laurence is indirect lay responsible for their deaths. However, he is rightly pardoned by the Prince, because ultimo tell, their deaths are the fault of Lords Caplet and Montague. Table is also indirectly responsible. Had he not had such a hotheaded temper and instead agreed with his uncle to let Romeo alone for crashing the ball, Table, as well a s Rome and Juliet, would have remained alive. Tables death led to Romeos banishment, which led to both his and Gullets deaths. Finally the Prince also holds himself indirectly responsible because he did not heck Lords Caplet and Montague sooner, nor try to stop the feud sooner. His personal b lame is seen in the line, and l, for winking at you, discords too, / Have lost a brace of kinsmen. 6) Metaphors . What, ho! You men, you beasts,That quench the fire of your pernicious rage (Act 1 Scene 1) The Prince compares the Capsules and Montague to beasts, because they have just had a fray. He then compares their rage to a fire. 2. Peered forth the golden window of the east, (Act 1 Scene 1) Benevolent is telling the Montague where Romeo is, and compares the east to a golden Indo when talking about the sun. 3. My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss (Act 1 scene 5) Romeo compares his lips to pilgrims when talking to Juliet. Similes . Is love a tender thing? It is too rough, Too rude, too boisterous, and it pricks like thorn. (Act 1 Scene 4) Romeo is talking to Mercuric before the Capsules party, and compares love to a thorn. 2. Begot of nothing but vain fantasy, Which is as thin of substance as the air (Act 1 Sc ene 4) Mercuric is talking about dreams, and compares vain fantasy to the air. O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It Seems she hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Tiptoes ear (Act 1 Scene 5) When Romeo describes Juliet, he compares her to a rich jewel in an Tiptoes ear. Dramatic Irony understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters. Situational irony actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected. Verbal Irony person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite Of the literal meaning.

Poems to Read on Thanksgiving Day

Poems to Read on Thanksgiving Day The story of the first Thanksgiving is a familiar one to all Americans: After a year filled with suffering and death, in the fall of 1621, the Pilgrims at Plymouth had a feast to celebrate a bountiful harvest. This feast is surrounded by legends of the local Native Americans joining in the celebration and groaning tables of turkey, corn and some form of cranberry dish. These foods are the bedrock of the traditional American Thanksgiving dinner, celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. It was not an official holiday until President Abraham Lincoln declared it so in 1863, although it was unofficially celebrated before that time by many Americans. It is a time for families gathered together to reflect on all the good things of their lives and an appropriate moment to read eloquent poems to mark the holiday and its meaning. The New-England Boys Song About Thanksgiving Day by Lydia Maria Child This poem, more commonly known as Over the River and Through the Wood, was written in 1844 and depicts a typical holiday journey through New England snows in the 19th century. In 1897 it was made into the song that is more familiar than the poem to Americans. It very simply tells the story of a sleigh ride through the snow, the dapple-gray horse pulling the sleigh, the howling of the wind and the snow all around, and at last arriving at grandmothers house, where the air is filled with the smell of pumpkin pie. It is the maker of the images of a typical Thanksgiving. The most famous words are the first stanza:​ Over the river, and through the wood,To grandfathers house we go;The horse knows the way,To carry the sleigh,Through the white and drifted snow. The Pumpkin by John Greenleaf Whittier John Greenleaf Whittier uses grandiose language in The Pumpkin (1850) to describe, in the end, his nostalgia for Thanksgivings of old and bounteous love for pumpkin pie, the enduring symbol of those holidays. The poem begins with strong imagery of pumpkins growing in a field and ends as an emotional ode to his now elderly mother, enhanced by similes. And the prayer, which my mouth is too full to express,Swells my heart that thy shadow may never be less,That the days of thy lot may be lengthened below,And the fame of thy worth like a pumpkin-vine grow,And thy life be as sweet, and its last sunset skyGolden-tinted and fair as thy own Pumpkin pie! No. 814 by Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson lived her life almost entirely isolated from the rest of the world, rarely leaving her home in Amherst, Massachusetts, or receiving visitors, except for her family. Her poems were not known to the public in her lifetime; the first volume of her work was published in 1890, four years after her death. So its impossible to know when a particular poem was written. This poem about Thanksgiving, in characteristic Dickinson style, is obtuse in its meaning, but it implies that this holiday is as much about memories of previous ones as about the day at hand: One day is there of the seriesTermed Thanksgiving DayCelebrated part at tablePart in memory- Fire Dreams by Carl Sandburg Fire Dreams was published in Carl Sandburgs 1918 volume of poetry, Cornhuskers, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize in 1919. He is known for his Walt Whitman-like style and use of free verse. Sandburg writes here in the language of the people, directly and with relatively little embellishment, except for a limited use of metaphor, giving this poem a modern feel. He reminds the reader of the first Thanksgiving, conjures up the season and gives his thanks to God. Heres the first stanza: I remember here by the fire,In the flickering reds and saffrons,They came in a ramshackle tub,Pilgrims in tall hats,Pilgrims of iron jaws,Drifting by weeks on beaten seas,And the random chapters sayThey were glad and sang to God. Thanksgiving Time by Langston Hughes Langston Hughes, famous as a seminal and hugely important influence on the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, wrote poetry, plays, novels and short stories that shed a light on the black experience in America. This ode to Thanksgiving from 1921 invokes traditional images of the time of year and the food that is always part of the story. The language is simple, and this would be a good poem to read at a Thanksgiving with children gathered round the table. Heres the first stanza: When the night winds whistle through the trees and blow the crisp brown leaves a-crackling down,When the autumn moon is big and yellow-orange and round,When old Jack Frost is sparkling on the ground,Its Thanksgiving Time!

Italian Book Club Linguality - Parallel Text

Italian Book Club Linguality - Parallel Text Reading Italian literature can be demanding for non-native speakers. Frequently referring to a dictionary becomes tedious, and, unless you wear blinders, resorting to the parallel-text version (Italian and English side-by-side) of a particular work becomes an exercise in futility as you try to avert your eyes from the English translation. With the constant safety net of an English translation just a glance away, its difficult to commit your brain to the exclusive task of absorbing Italian. Fortunately, theres a new way to read recently published Italian fiction and nonfiction almost as effortlessly as reading books in English- the Linguality Italian Book Club. Italian Literature? Ma, Oui!Linguality, based in Cambridge, MA, was founded by a team with extensive experience in foreign-language publishing, university teaching, and pedagogical research. Linguality’s French Book Club debuted in 2007 and quickly earned accolades from readers and language experts alike. Six times a year, contemporary French books are republished with an English introduction, extensive English glossaries, and author interviews in French on audio CD. Given the success of that venture, the company decided to branch out, and launched an Italian Book Club. No Dictionary RequiredThe innovation in Lingualitys Italian Book Club series is the format. The original foreign-language text is placed on every right-hand page, and an extensive English glossary, on the opposite page, allows readers to see the definition of bolded words in context. When the first selection was released, Walter Veltroni, renowned Italian author, journalist, former Italian Minister of Cultural Heritage, and former mayor of Rome, proclaimed that: Its the literary equivalent of a subtitled movie! In fact, the glossary entries act more like turbocharged subtitles, boosting readers comprehension and vocabulary. Typically there are over 2,000 entries per book defining every difficult word and expression, eliminating the need for a dictionary. As Lingualitys publisher, Wes Green, says: ...a non-fluent speaker doesnt need a complete translation...or a dictionary. He or she just opens the book and starts reading in the foreign language. Italian Book Club Membership Has PrivilegesAnother advantage of the Linguality Italian Book Club is that all books are complete, unedited texts- the original version that native Italians read too. Subscribers also receive an audio CD with a 30- to 45-minute conversation in Italian with the author, including a transcript with glossary of the dialogue as an appendix in the book. The publisher recommends that readers have completed the equivalent of two years of college Italian. While each title is amply annotated, beginners may still find it difficult to contend with the texts. With their specially annotated editions of Italian books, the Linguality Italian Book Club offers a unique method for those looking to dramatically improve their Italian language skills. Instead of waiting for the English version of a popular Italian book (few foreign-language titles are ever translated into English anyway), Italian language learners can take off the blinders and read the original without having to resort to the dictionary. Italian Book ListA subscription to Lingualitys Italian Book Club includes six hard-bound books with author interviews on CD. Titles in the series include: Va dove ti porta il cuore (Follow Your Heart) by Susanna Tamaro La scoperta dellalba (The Discovery of the Dawn) by Walter Veltroni Mamma Mia! by Fabrizio Blini Nel momento (In an Instant) by Andrea De Carlo LOrda (The Hoard) by Gian Antonio Stella Il buio e il miele (The Darkness and the Honey) by Giovanni Arpino

The Effects of Postural Changes, Exercise and Cognitive Stress on Essay

The Effects of Postural Changes, Exercise and Cognitive Stress on Human Arterial Pressure and Pulse Rate - Essay Example High blood pressure turns out to be silent killer which many people fail to detect, since it does not have any easily identifiable symptoms. The Circulatory System, which plays a major part in coronary health, functions mainly in the transportation of blood carrying nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body. However, the Circulatory System is subjected to various pathological conditions. Pathological conditions may result from the abnormality of any component or processes in the Circulatory System. Heart disease results when coronary blood vessels are damaged and cannot provide adequate circulation of blood to the supporting cardiac muscles and tissues, thereby affecting the overall functionality of the systemic arterial blood pressure. According to the World Health Organization, 17 million people die of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) including strokes and heart attacks annually (WHO, 2011). High blood pressure, specifically, has been identified as a major risk factor for most CV Ds and therefore, it should be monitored. The primary importance of studying the components and the processes of the circulatory system is to understand the relationship between the functions and the structures, and for proper diagnosis of the diseases affecting the Circulatory System. Normal blood pressure (BP) is generated when the blood flows through the arterial blood vessels. During systolic contraction, blood pressure peaks at 120 mmHg and drops to 70 or 80 mmHg during the diastolic phase. Essentially, blood pressure can be used as an indicator for abnormalities in processes or in structures within the Circulatory System. For example, changes in the elasticity of the arterial walls as in the case of arteriosclerosis can be identified by the increase in pulse pressure; however, it is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) that is important clinically. MAP is the main pressure that drives blood for systemic circulation. It is regulated to ensure that sufficient amount of blood is prop elled to the tissues, but the pressure would not be high enough to cause extra workload for the heart. As the blood passes through the arterial walls, the arteries expand to accommodate the amount of blood pumped by the heart.  

Microbial Fuel Cells (Design Study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Microbial Fuel Cells (Design Study) - Essay Example We are, today, faced with an extraordinary situation in which the world population has reached a stage where the conventional sources of energy like fossil fuels have been depleted so much that there is little hope for the coming generations to be able to harness any of it. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover sustainable sources of energy that will not only help in reducing the carbon footprint but can also be replicated in the developing nations. A literature review on such alternative sources of energy revealed that microbial fuel cells, which employ microorganisms to biodegrade pollutants from the environment to generate electricity, are a novel method of reclaiming natural resources along with providing a new means of generating energy. This design study will be an effort towards determining the cost-efficiency of traditional MFCs versus a simple, single chambered MFC comprising of cheaper components. The purpose of the experiment will be to popularize the inexpensive MFCs and show if scaled up, they can present a low-price energy source, which will at the same time be used for bioremediation of water resources polluted by effluents. Microbial fuel cells work on the principle that some microorganisms called electricigens produce electricity while metabolizing wastewater for their sustenance. The MFC consists of a semi-permeable membrane or cation exchange membrane that allows ions to pass through them but not the microbes; two electrodes, usually the cathode is made up of platinum and the anode is carbon graphite or carbon cloth. It is fitted by a wire to complete the external circuit (Microbal Fuel Cell, 2008). Wastewater is made to flow through the anaerobic compartment and the bacterial metabolic action on the wastewater allows electrons to become free and the cell starts conducting electricity. To compare the electricity outputs

Paul Farmer Essay Example for Free

Paul Farmer Essay How far will one man go to achieve the impossible? How far can one man go to reach his goal? The country of Haiti is one of the most under developed countries in the world, but one doctor, Paul Farmer, is determined to help cure this country. No matter what the costs, Paul Farmer is willing to do whatever it takes to help those in need. A doctor who has graduated from Harvard, is also the founder of Partners in Health, and is also a teacher at Harvard. In the book Mountains Beyond Mountains, by Tracy Kidder, Kidder shows the perseverance, determination, and courage of Paul Farmer and how he tries to help cure an under developed country and how he treats his patients. Paul Farmer isn’t like any other doctor. He treats his patients with more care than an average doctor. In chapter 2 of Mountains Beyond Mountains, Paul Farmer is seen with a patient in Boston who is HIV positive. The patient, named Joe, doesn’t eat properly and doesn’t take his medication and is also a drug addict. Though Joe doesn’t follow the protocol of being healthy, Paul Farmer insists that he treats Joe with respect and care. The patient only wants to drink and wants somebody to take care of him. Farmer took the patient to a homeless shelter. During Christmas time, Farmer bought Joe a six pack of beer for Christmas as a gift. On a message board at the hospital, read â€Å" OUT- cold, their drugs, ? gal. vodka, IN- warm, our drugs, 6 pack bud. † (pg. 15) At the bottom of that message also read â€Å"Why do I know Paul Farmer wrote this? (Pg. 5) This shows how Dokte Paul Farmer cares for his patients and how the other doctors are used to his generosity with their patients. Not many doctors would go to the extreme in taking care of one patient, or bending the rules to suit a patient’s needs. This act of kindness shows how much Paul Farmer cares about his patients and the people of Haiti. Paul Farmer treats everybody equally, whether they’d be rich or poor. The US Army is in Haiti to reinstate the country’s democratically elected government and to take away the power of the Junta that is ruling the country of Haiti with cruelty. In chapter 1, Paul Farmer despises how Captain Carroll and his men release Nerva Juste, a sheriff who is accused of beheading the assistant mayor of Mirebalais. Because there wasn’t any hard evidence of Nerva killing the assistant mayor, the US army had to let him go. Paul Farmer says to Captain Carroll, â€Å"Two clear sides existed in Haiti, the forces of repression and the Haitian poor, the vast majority†¦it still seems fuzzy which side the American soldiers are on† (pg. 15). This shows that Farmer is defending the poor Haitians

A Man and His Family in movies Air Force One and Patriot Games :: Air Force Patriot Games Family Essays

A Man and His Family in movies Air Force One and Patriot Games As soon as a man gets married and begins his family, a certain protective instinct takes over. No matter what situation presents itself, a man’s first thought is that of protecting his family from harm. The theme, although a man’s job may be very important, his main concern in life is to protect his family, is shown in both of the movies Air Force One and Patriot Games. In both movies, a man and his family encounter terrorist actions in which the man has to put his family’s lives before his own. The movie Air Force One begins with the President of the United States of America boarding the aircraft, Air Force One with his wife, daughter, and staff. Just after liftoff from Moscow, the plane is attacked and taken over by terrorists, who were smuggled onboard by a member of the president’s staff. As soon as this happened, the secret service put the president into a small pod, which was designed to get the president off of the plane in case of an emergency. As they forced him into the pod, his only concern was for his family. He yelled out â€Å"Where’s my family? What about my family?† (Air Force One). Secretly, the president got out of the pod to stay behind and save his family. The terrorists demanded that one of their former leaders be released from jail. If he was not released, they were going to start killing the presidential staff, including the first family. The president remained hidden and secretly plotted how to get to his family and defeat the terrorists. It finally came down to the president against the terrorists. The terrorists wanted the president to call the prison that their leader was in and have him released. If the president did not want to make the call, he had to choose to kill either his wife or his daughter. In the end, he decided to call the prison and release the terrorist over killing his family. This showed that the only thing that mattered to him was his family. This same theme holds true for the movie Patriot Games. In this movie the main character is CIA agent Jack Ryan who, while on vacation in England, stops terrorists from killing a member of the Royal Family.

Food Justice Essay

Walking into the lecture I had no clue what food justice meant. If anything, I figured the lecture had to do with justice for fair trade for farmers or the justice in regulation of genetically modified foods. Instead it turned out to be justice that seeks to ensure that the risk associated with growing, producing, transporting, distributing, eating, access to food is shared by everyone fairly. After Professor Kieth Pezzoli gave a little explanation about food justice and its purpose I began to see the â€Å"background stuff† that goes on to get my food on my plate. I was beginning to see that the food that gets into my stomach has probably traveled to more places around the US than I will ever be. What was really interesting was learning that food that gets cultivated here will be shipped up north or elsewhere to be processed and then shipped back to California. In addition, all the traveling that my food not only waste time but also is detrimental to the environment due to the pollution caused by the vehicles that ship my food all around to be processed. Even though my food travels thousands of miles before it reaches me Professor Brad Werner made an interesting point in that we may never notice this process because of modern advancement in transportation and communication. The ability to easily receive my food is due to all the technology we have and having this ease of purchasing food is known as a low friction transaction. On the other hand, when it is difficult to purchase food due to varying factors this is known as a high friction transaction. Lastly Professor Jericho Burg demonstrated how the problems we face with food justice here in the states stretches far beyond our borders due to the excess food we give out to other countries in famine through food aid. Like many things good intentions sometimes have negative effects and there needs to be a re-evaluation and reform on the system we currently use to help others including ourselves.

Ojt experiences employment Essay

In the first two weeks of my internship, I was able to develop a sense of diligence in every work assignment given to me. Adding extra care means being always attentive to the present situation, keeping the mind focused with what is currently handled, getting particular with every single detail without missing anything. This is the first thing that I must remember while working on the computer such as encoding financial data and other relevant information. I learned about the basic terms and concepts associated in different activities which are helpful in understanding its relation to other transaction and work. Lastly, I learned about some rules and procedures that should be strictly exercised and practiced. Sometimes, I was stuck with ample works to do all at the same time. At first, I found it so hard considering which task must be given priority that I forgot some other things undone. Read more:  Learning Experience in OJT Restaurant However, I am already acquainted with the routine and can manage to handle different works efficiently and effectively all at the same time, with fewer worries as to committing errors. Upon working with the activities above, I knew about many benefits that the SSS have offered to those covered members who already qualify to claim them, such as retirement, death, permanent disability, funeral, sickness and other benefits. When you are new to something and have less idea with what you are supposed to do it, waiting for an order or request is way too better for the meantime than doing things you don’t know anything about. As of now, I get all works done smoothly with minimum of supervision. Once a piece of paper is placed on the table, I immediately work my hands on it. This far, I learned about the schedule of employees’ and employer’s contributions in connection to their monthly salary credit and monthly contributions. I was able to do a certain work less than the required time effectively and efficiently. We are taught about the registration of the self-employed members that within 30 days from the practice of profession and business operation, he/she shall register to the SSS â€Å"his name, age, civil status, occupation, average monthly net income and dependents.† Everything does not merely revolve around the work alone all the time. So far, I’ve bee an already familiar with the organization’s culture, work ethics, rules and policy, and values which I should conform myself to as being temporarily part of the organization. I was made to realize that the scope of our work should only be limited to what our supervisor had instructed us to do, regardless of how much I know it. Sometimes, we make things and decisions in our own when we think we’re good at it without prior consultation to the one in authority. I disregard the possibility that somebody else might be held accountable for whatever consequences my own acts would have resulted.

Free Essays on Levi Strauss

Levi Strauss When the name Levi Strauss comes to mind, most people would probably think of denim jeans or his company, Levi Strauss & Co. That’s because he invented the first riveted pair of jeans and he started the first and largest manufacturer of denim jeans. Levi Strauss was born on February 26, 1829 in Buttenheim, Bavaria what is now known as Germany. In 1843, Strauss sailed from Bremerhaven to New York City to join his two brothers, Jonas and Louis, who already had a successful wholesale textile and tailoring business. After staying only a few days in New York, he decided to go to his uncle’s ranch in Louisville, Kentucky. Strauss spent the next five years of his life there learning English and the ways of the Americans, so he could take over his uncle’s ranch. In 1853 he returned to New York and he also became an American citizen. After word spread about the gold rush in California, Levi decided to travel west to San Francisco to get rich. He did not have intentions of looking for gold, but instead he wanted to sell supplies. When Strauss arrived in San Francisco during March of 1853, he established a wholesale dry-goods store that was located on 90 Sacramento Street. He began by selling tents and wagon covers to the Forty-Niners, but he found no market in the products. So he used the stout canvas that he brought with him to make very durable pants. The miners found the pants very useful since they were always on the ground. Strauss named these â€Å"durable pants† waist overalls. He soon began selling them as fast as he could make them. In 1872, a Nevada tailor named Jacob Davis wrote a letter suggesting they put rivets in the jeans to reinforce the seams. In 1872, Strauss hired Jacob Davis and they began producing riveted blue denim jeans and jackets. Soon Strauss and Davis applied for a United States Patent on July 5,1... Free Essays on Levi Strauss Free Essays on Levi Strauss Levi Strauss When the name Levi Strauss comes to mind, most people would probably think of denim jeans or his company, Levi Strauss & Co. That’s because he invented the first riveted pair of jeans and he started the first and largest manufacturer of denim jeans. Levi Strauss was born on February 26, 1829 in Buttenheim, Bavaria what is now known as Germany. In 1843, Strauss sailed from Bremerhaven to New York City to join his two brothers, Jonas and Louis, who already had a successful wholesale textile and tailoring business. After staying only a few days in New York, he decided to go to his uncle’s ranch in Louisville, Kentucky. Strauss spent the next five years of his life there learning English and the ways of the Americans, so he could take over his uncle’s ranch. In 1853 he returned to New York and he also became an American citizen. After word spread about the gold rush in California, Levi decided to travel west to San Francisco to get rich. He did not have intentions of looking for gold, but instead he wanted to sell supplies. When Strauss arrived in San Francisco during March of 1853, he established a wholesale dry-goods store that was located on 90 Sacramento Street. He began by selling tents and wagon covers to the Forty-Niners, but he found no market in the products. So he used the stout canvas that he brought with him to make very durable pants. The miners found the pants very useful since they were always on the ground. Strauss named these â€Å"durable pants† waist overalls. He soon began selling them as fast as he could make them. In 1872, a Nevada tailor named Jacob Davis wrote a letter suggesting they put rivets in the jeans to reinforce the seams. In 1872, Strauss hired Jacob Davis and they began producing riveted blue denim jeans and jackets. Soon Strauss and Davis applied for a United States Patent on July 5,1...

Strategy and Tactics of the Hundred Years War

Strategy and Tactics of the Hundred Years War As it was fought for longer than a hundred years, it’s no surprise that the strategy and tactics used by all sides in the Hundred Years War evolved over time, creating two very different eras. What we see is an early English tactic proving successful, before technology and warfare changed to a French one becoming dominant. In addition, the aims of the English may have stayed focused on the French throne, but the strategy to achieve this was starkly different under two great monarchs. Early English Strategy: Slaughter When Edward III led his first raids into France, he was not aiming to take and hold a series of strongpoints and regions. Instead the English led raid after raid called a ‘chevauchà ©e’. These were missions of pure murder, designed to devastate a region by killing crops, animals, people and destroying buildings, windmills and other structures. Churches and people were plundered then put to the sword and fire. Huge numbers died as a result, and wide areas became depopulated. The aim was to cause such damage that the French wouldn’t have as many resources, and would be forced to negotiate or give battle to stop things. The English did take important sites in Edward’s era, such as Calais, and small lords fought a constant battle against rivals for land, but the strategy of Edward III and leading nobles was dominated by chevauchà ©es. Early French Strategy King Philip VI of France first decided to refuse giving a pitched battle, and allow Edward and his followers to roam, and this caused Edward’s first ‘chevauchà ©e’s to cause great damage, but to drain the English coffers and be declared failures. However, the pressure the English were exerting led to Philip changing strategy to engage Edward and crush him, a strategy his son John followed, and this led to the battles of Crà ©cy and Poitiers were larger French forces were destroyed, John even being captured. When Charles V went back to avoiding battles – a situation his now decimated aristocracy agreed with – Edward went back to wasting money on increasingly unpopular campaigns which led to no titanic victory. Indeed, the Great Chevauchà ©e of 1373 marked an end to large scale raiding for morale. Later English and French Strategy: Conquest When Henry V fired the Hundred Years War back into life, he took a totally different approach to Edward III: he came to conquer towns and fortresses, and slowly take France into his possession. Yes, this led to a great battle at Agincourt when the French stood and were defeated, but in general the tone of the war became siege after siege, continuous progress. The French tactics adapted to fit: they still generally avoided great battles, but had to counter siege to take the land back. Battles tended to result from contested sieges or as troops moved to or from sieges, not on long raids. As we shall see, the tactics affected the victories. Tactics The Hundred Years War began with two large English victories stemming from tactical innovations: they tried to take defensive positions and field lines of archers and dismounted men at arms. They had longbows, which could shoot faster and farther than the French, and many more archers than armoured infantry. At Crà ©cy the French tried their old tactics of cavalry charge after cavalry charge and were cut to pieces. They tried to adapt, such as at Poitiers when the whole French force dismounted, but the English archer proved a battle winning weapon, even to Agincourt when a new generation of Frenchman had forgotten earlier lessons.If the English won key battles earlier in the war with archers, the strategy turned against them. As the Hundred Years War developed into a long series of sieges, so archers became less useful, and another innovation came to dominate: artillery, which could give you benefits in a siege and against packed infantry. Now it was the French who came to the fore, because they had better artillery, and they were in the tactical ascendance and matched the demands of the new strategy, and they won the war.

Decision traps and biasis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Decision traps and biasis - Essay Example For example, if the probability of a person having AIDS is 0.0001, but a test shows that 100 people out of 10,000 have the disease, a person will tend to think that the population has a higher chance of having AIDS, rather than considering the an\mount of false positives. The gambler’s fallacy is when an individual erroneously believes that the occurrence of a certain event is based on the occurrence of a previous event; believing that since an event has occurred a lot of times, it will not occur again in the near future. Anchoring with insufficient adjustment occurs when an individual tries to make a decision by considering the first instance of the decision variable and adjusting upwards or downwards without considering whether the variable selected is sufficient for the decision. The other factor that affects individual when making a decision is overconfidence, an instance when an individual thinks that the probability of being right is very high, therefore, leading the individual to think that a negative outcome cannot be expected. This also leads to search for information that only confirms a decision, instead of looking for information that supports both the positive and negative sides of a decision. The search for only confirming information will lead an individual to make a decision without considering the negative implications. The last factor, hindsight bias, occurs when an individual considers events as more predictable than they really are, leading the individual to make wrong decisions. The biases listed above can be avoided by a simple sequence of events; finding the decision problem, gathering as much information on the problem as possible, and dividing the information into positive and negative effects. After this is done, a decision should be made based purely on the pros and cons identified, or the individual can consult other individuals to help in the decision-making process. The individual can also look at the

Final exam praperation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final exam praperation - Essay Example These were ranked to have higher survival rate compared to the other media that was available such as fresco wall paintings and other textiles. Despite the materiality being mixed with a culture that was full of barbaric artists, it led to the growth of artistic heritage of the Roman Empire and the iconographic traditions of the early Christian church. It also resulted in the production of the remarkable legacy of artists (Low, 2012). Monastic influence contributed more in the production of this early medieval art and architecture in many ways. Monk and nuns had a duty of performing occasional practical services during the early days. They nursed the sick, assisted those that were poor gave advice to the leaders that do not believe in God and provided shelter. For the culture as a whole, monasticism offered the society a spiritual outlet and dealt with important consequences for the medieval art. Encouragement of legacy, learning and kept the principals of the ancient journalism was the work that entitled to monks and nuns (Low, 2012). A community that comprised of men and women was to be governed by the set of regulations that were formed by monks. During this period, Christianity was described as being the late antique art. The changing phase was undergone in the new Roman art during this time, and it later abandoned classical style and Greek realism. The leaving gave an impact, and it was done in favor of mystical and hieratic style. Monasticism was then regarded as the primary on the impartial art that came because of the eastern parts of the empire (Low, 2012). I agree. Gregory was more educated, and he was known for his prolific writings when compared to his predecessors as pope. He was the founder of the present day’s revision of the Roman worship, and he was the author of developments and contributions of the divine

Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Report - Coursework Example This process is called transmutation. An element keeps changing as the nucleus loses energy and mass. Coins are metallic. They also are elements that contain mass. They are fit because they have heads and tails. Radioactivity can be determined when the coins land on a different side to mean that they have lost energy and mass. It is a probabilistic method, but it works well to establish the hypothesis involved. Probability is used in these experiments determine half-life and the process of decay. It is a game. It uses random actions to prove certain trends. Probability is also used here to track progress of decay of the coins. It eliminates decayed coins against non-decayed. Two random experiments were conducted to determine radioactive decay of random coins. The purpose was to come up with a statistical explanation for their radioactivity and to establish the procedure. The coins were tossed and probability was used to determine the process of decay. The coins were tossed and each coin that landed on its head was decayed. Each coin that was on its tails was not decayed. This was the mode of separation for the decay process. The second hypothesis is also a little faulty. It is almost 3. An average of 2.97 is recorder in the table to mean that the throws after the first are mostly two or three to create two or less coins

Advances in Composite Laminate Theories

Advances in Composite Laminate Theories This paper reviews the Composite Laminate Theories that have already been proposed and developed in the recent years. These theories mainly focus on the macro mechanical analysis of the composite laminates which provides the elastic relations of the lamina. Stress-induced failure can occur in multiple ways in composite materials. Hence to understand and predict transverse shear and normal stress accurately, various composite laminate theories have been developed. The advantages and disadvantages of each model are discussed in detail. In this study, the Composite Laminate Theories are divided into two parts: (1) Single Layer Theory, where the entire plate is considered as one layer and (2) Layer Wise Theory, where each layer is treated separately for the analysis. It starts with displacement-based theories from very basic models such as Classical laminate theory to more complex higher-order shear deformation theory. [6] INTRODUCTION The requirement of composite materials has grown rapidly. These materials are ideal for applications that require low density and high strength. Composite materials provide great amount of flexibility in design through the variation of the fiber orientation or stacking sequence of fiber and matrix materials. The mechanical behavior of laminates strongly depends on the thickness of lamina and the orientation of fibers. Hence, the lamina must be designed to satisfy the specific requirements of each particular application and to obtain maximum advantage from the directional properties of its constituent materials. The normal stresses and through-thickness distributions of transverse shear for composite materials are very important because in laminate composite plates, stress-induced failures occur through three mechanisms. For instance, when the in-plane stress gets too large, then the fiber breakage occurs. However, normally before the in-plane stresses exceed the fiber breakage point, inter laminar shear stress failure occurs when one layer slips tangentially relative to another. Alternatively, transverse normal stress may increase enough to cause failure by which two layers pull apart from each other. Therefore, it is imperative to understand and calculate transverse shear and normal stress through the thickness of the plate accurately. In general, two different approaches have been used to study laminated composite structures, which are: (1) single layer theories and (2) discrete layer theories. In the single layer theory approach, layers in laminated composites are assumed to be one equivalent single layer (ESL) whereas in the discrete theory approach, each layer is considered separately in the analysis. Also, plate deformation theories can be categorized into two types: (1) displacement and (2) stress -based theories. A brief description of displacement-based theories is given below: displacement-based theories can be divided into two categories: classical l aminate theory (CLT) and shear deformation plate theories. Normally, composite laminate plate theories are described in the CLT, the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), the global higher-order theory, and the global-local higher shear deformation theory (SDT). DESCRIPTION: In the studies carried out in last few decades, many different theories were presented to overcome various issues and explain the behaviors of composite materials more accurately. In this paper, these theories are reviewed, categorized, and their advantages, weaknesses and limitations are discussed in detail. LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES Classical Laminate Theory (CLT) The simplest ESL laminate plate theory is the CLT, which is based on displacement based theories. In the nineteenth century Kirchhoff initiated the two-dimensional classical theory of plates and later on it was continued by Love and Timoshenko. The principal assumption in CLT is that normal lines to the mid-plane before deformation remain straight and normal to the plane after deformation. The other assumptions made in this theory are (1) the in-plane strains are small when compared to unity (2) the plates are perfectly bonded (3) the displacement are small compared to the thickness. Although these assumptions lead to simple constitutive equations, it is also the main limitation of the theory. These assumptions of neglecting the shear stresses lead to a reduction or removal of the three natural boundary conditions that should be satisfied along the free edges. These natural boundary conditions are the bending moment, normal force and twisting couple. Despite its limitations, CLT is s till a common approach used to get quick and simple predictions especially for the behavior of thin plated laminated structures. The main simplification in this model is that 3D structural plates ( with thickness ) or shells are treated as 2D plate or shells located through mid-thickness which results in a significant decrement of the total number of equations and variable, consequently saving a lot of computational time and effort. Since they are present in closed-form solutions, they provide better practical interpretation and their governing equations are easier to solve [6]. This approach remains popular because it has become the foundation for further composite plate analysis theories and methods. This method works relatively well for structures that are made out-of a balanced and symmetric laminate, experiencing either pure tension or only pure bending. The error which is introduced by neglecting the effect of transverse shear stresses becomes trivial on or near the edges and corners of thick-sectioned laminate configurations. It is observed that the induced error increases for thick plates made of composite layers. This is mainly due to the fact that the ratio of longitudinal to transverse shear elastic moduli is relatively large compared to isotropic materials [2]. It neglects transverse shear strains, under predicts deflections and overestimates natural frequencies and buckling loads [3]. Composite plates are, subjected to transverse shear and normal stresses due to their discontinuous through-thickness behavior and their global anisotropic nature [3]. In order to achieve better predictions of the response characteristics, such as bending, buckling stresses, torsion, etc., a number of other theories have been developed which are presented in following sections [6]. Figure1. Deformation Hypothesis [Taken from class notes. Advanced Plate Theory.1] Displacement and strain field for CLT are given below: [Taken from class notes. [1]] First-order shear deformation theories (FSDT) Reissner and Mindlin developed the conventional theories for analyzing thicker laminated composite plate which also considered the transfer shear effects. These theories are popularly known as the shear deformation plate theories. Many other theories, which are extension of SDT, have also been proposed to analyze the thicker laminated composite. These theories are primarily built on the assumption that the displacement w is constant through the thickness while the displacements u and v vary linearly through the thickness of each layer. In general, these theories are known as FSDT. The primary outcome of this theory is that the transverse straight lines will be straight both before and after the deformation but they will not be normal to the mid-plane after deformation. As this theory postulates constant transverse shear stress, it needs a shear correction factor to satisfy the plate boundary conditions on both the lower and upper surface. The shear correction factor is introduced to adjust the transverse shear stiffness values and thereby, the accuracy of results of the FSDT will depend notably on the shear correction factor. Further research has been undertaken to overcome the limitations of FSDT without involving higher-order theories to avoid increasing the complexity of the equations and computations [2, 7]. Authors like Bhaskar and Varadan [23] used the combination of Naviers approach and a Laplace transform technique to solve the equations of equilibrium. Onsy et al. [4] presented a finite strip solution for laminated plates. They used the FSDT and assumed that the displacements u and v vary linearly through the thickness of each layer and are continuous at the interfaces between adjacent layers. They also postulated that the displacement w does not vary through the thickness. These assumptions provide a more realistic situation (when compared with CLPT) where in the shear strains are not continuous across the interfaces between adjacent lamina. The other limitations are (1) assumption of constant shear stress is not correct as stresses must be zero at free surfaces. (2) FDST produces accurate results only for very thin plates. In order to calculate transverse shear more accurately, to satisfy all boundary conditions and to analyze the behavior of more complicated thick composite structures under different loading condition and to overcome the limitations the use of higher-order shear deformation theories are imperative[1]. Figure2. Reissner Mindline Plate [picture taken from MAE 557 class notes. 1] Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory: The limitations of the CLT and the FSDT have persuaded the researchers to develop a number of global HOSDT. The higher-order models are based on an assumption of nonlinear stress variation through the thickness [1]. These theories are developed for thick plates but are predominantly 2D in nature. These theories are capable of representing the section warping in the deformed configuration. At the layer interfaces, some of these models do not satisfy the continuity conditions of transverse shear stresses. Although the discrete layer theories do not have this concern, they are computationally slow when solving these problems because of the fact that the order of their governing equations purely depends on the number of layers [24]. Whitney attempted to examine the problem with inter laminar normal stress [25]. Several authors were involved in developing this theory , for instance the calculation of inter laminar normal stress was studied by Pagano [26], a boundary layer theory by Tang [ 6], the perturbation method by Hsu and Herakovich , and an approximate elasticity solutions by Pipes and Pagano. In most of these models, the laminate is assumed to be reasonably long. The stress singularities were considered in a model presented by Wang and Choi. In order to determine the stress singularities at the laminate free edges, Wang and Choi used the Lekhnitskiis [27] stress potential and the theory of anisotropic elasticity. The Eigen function technique developed by them uses a collocation system at every ply interface to satisfy continuity. The major limitation of this theory is that it can be applied to only relatively thin laminates [17]. In order to explain plate deformation for composite laminate plates with thickness, Ambartsumian proposed a higher-order transverse shear stress function. Various different functions were proposed by Reddy [2], Touratier , Karama and Soldatos. The results of some of these methods were compared by Aydogdu [23]. For example, a 2D higher -order theory is developed by Matsunaga to investigate buckling in isotropic plates for in-plane loads where the effects of transverse shear and normal deformations are predicted in his study. Higher-order theories, which consider the complete effects of transverse shear, normal deformations and rotary inertia, have been studied for the vibration and stability problems of specific laminates. In general, researchers who have wanted to simulate plates have used the third-order shear deformation theories (TSDTs) which was first published by Schmidt and later developed by Jemielita. This theory is also known as parabolic shear deformation plate theory (PSDPT). Researchers like Phan and Reddy [30] applied this theory for the free vibration, the bending and the buckling of composite plates [23]. The same unknown displacements as those used in FSDT were used. This theory also satisfies transverse shear-free conditions at the outer surfaces. The results obtained show that for the thick lami nates the in-plane stresses are predicted much well than those identified using FSDT, but still these results have errors when compared with 3D models. This theory is not based on the layer-wise type, therefore, unlike most of other ESL theories, it does not satisfy the continuity conditions of transverse shear stresses between layers [9]. Vuksanovic proposed another parabolic distribution of shear strains through the laminated plate thickness which has a cubic variation of in-plane displacement. The results confirm that this model can predict the global laminate response better than previous used parabolic methods. The primary limitation is that it is challenging to accurately compute the inter laminar stress distributions [9]. In the third-order shear deformation theories assumes (1) the in-plane displacements are a cubic expression of the thickness coordinate (2) the out-of-plane displacement is a quadratic expression. Carrera presented a third-order shear deformation theory whic h based on the model which was presented by Vlasov for equation of bending plates. By imposing homogeneous stress conditions with correspondence to the plate top-surface the reduced third-order shear deformation model with only three displacement variables was obtained. This was further modified in the same research for the non-homogeneous stress conditions[6]. Figure2. Displacement field and transverse shear stress field for the various composite laminate theories. [* Figure taken from class notes. Advanced_plate_theory.pdf] Trigonometric shear deformation plate theory (TSDPT) Shear deformation plate theories which use trigonometric functions are called TSDPT. In this theory the ability to predict accurate solutions has been enhanced by combing trigonometric terms with the algebraic through the- thickness terms assumed for the displacements. Touratier [48] chose transverse strain distribution as a sine function [23]. Stein developed a 2D theory wherein the displacements are stated by trigonometric series. Stein and Jegley studied the effects of transverse shear stress on the cylindrical bending of the laminated composite plates [31]. The results obtained from these theories show that this theory calculates the stresses more accurately than other theories. Kassapogolou and Lagace used the principle of minimum complimentary energy to introduce a straightforward method to analyze symmetric laminate plates which are subjected to tension/compression [15, 16]. Afterwards Kassapogolou [28] generalized and modified this approach for general unsymmetrical laminate loads i.e. in-plane and out of- plane common moment and shear loads. The shortcomings of this model are that it does not solve the weaknesses of inequality in Poissons ratios. Becker [29] made use of cosine and sine functions for warping deformation of v and w displacement, respectively and developed a closed-form higher-order laminated plate theory. Mortan and Webber presented an analytical method which took into consideration the thermal effects in their model and by using the same approach as Kassapoglou and Becker. Lu and Liu [22] proposed an inter laminar shear stress continuity theory in which the inter laminar shear stress is directly obtained from the constitutive equations. This theory was postulated in order to develop an accurate theory for inter laminar stress analysis by considering both the transverse shear effects and continuity requirements. The drawback in this model is that the deformation in the thickness is neglected and therefore it cannot calculate the inter la minar normal stress directly from the constitutive equations. Later, Lu and Liu [21] developed the interlayer shear slip theory based on a multilayer approach model by investigating the effect of interfacial bonding on the behavior of composite laminates. Finally, Lee and Liu also derived the closed-form solutions for the general analysis of inter laminar stresses for thin and thick composite laminates under sinusoidal distributed loading. Both inter laminar shear stress and inter laminar normal stress at the composite interface were satisfied in this model and also the inter laminar stresses could be calculated directly from the constitutive equations. Touratier [20] proposed a theory based on using certain sinusoidal functions for shear stress. After comparing the results obtained numerically for the bending of sandwich plates it was shown that this theory is more accurate than both FSDT and HOSDT [17]. Hyperbolic shear deformation theory (HSDT): Soldatos proposed the hyperbolic shear deformation theory [6]. Timarci and Soldatos combined the various shear deformation theories to formulate this HSDT. The major advantage of this unified theory is the ability to vary the transverse strain distribution [19]. Authors like Ramalingeswaran and Ganesan [18] have used parabolic and hyperbolic function to uniform external pressure and a simply supported cylindrical shell for cross ply laminated composite by considering an internal sinusoidal pressure [17]. Karama et al. proposed an exponential function for the transverse strain for his study of the bending of composite [6]. Layerwise Theory (LT): (Zigzag effect) In order to present accurate results many new theories like the layerwise theory and individual layer theory have been formulated. Some of the eminent researches involved in developing these theories are Wu, Chen, Plagianakos[13], Saravanos, Fares and Elmarghany[14]. The basic technique employed in these theories is that assuming certain displacement and stress models in each layer of the composite laminates and in order to reduce the unknown variables, equilibrium and compatibility equations are defined at the interface. These theories are often computationally time consuming and very expensive to obtain accurate results due to the fact that they use many different unknowns for multilayered plates. To predict both gross response and the stress distributions accurately a number of layer wise plate models which can represent the zigzag behavior of the in-plane displacement through the thickness have been developed in the recent past. However, in the Layerwise Theories the major drawba ck is that the number of unknown increases significantly with the number of layers and consequently the computational weight becomes considerably heavier and higher. To overcome this problem, various solutions were suggested. Cho and Parmerter presented a model where in the number of the unknowns is independent of the number of layers. They achieved it by superimposing a cubic varying displacement field on a zigzag linearly varying displacement [6]. This method was very efficient as it satisfied the transverse shear stress continuity at the layer interfaces and shear-free surface conditions. The theories that have been developed to justify through-the-thickness piece-wise behavior of stresses and displacement are often subjected to zigzag theories (ZZ). The zigzag effect can be termed as the different tangential elastic compliances of the plies which cause the displacement components to show a quick change of their slopes in the thickness direction at each layer interface. To summar ize, the in-plane stresses can be discontinuous at each layer interface, while the transverse stresses, for equilibrium, must be continuous. In ZZ theory, the compatibility of the displacements and the inter laminar equilibrium of the transverse stresses in the thickness direction are assured by defining a new stiffness matrix [12]. Lekhnitskii was one of the pioneers who tried to define a ZZ theory. The main drawback for this model is the limitation of the approach to only multi-layered composite where each layer is isotropic. Ren later improved this model by using an extension of the theory developed by Reissner to multi-layered plates. This approach used a Lagrange function with five parameters, which represents the DOF of the structure. These are the set of displacement field equations used in zigzag theory. This equation are taken from the class notes, advanced plate theory [1] Mixed Plate Theory: In order to overcome the limitations of each composite laminate theory researchers have started to unify the different laminate theories. Unified equations have been proposed for mixed layer wise and mixed ESL theories. The main aim is to formulate these unified theories in the most general way for users to be able to choose from the approaches like ESL, Layer wise zigzag, etc. and at the same time choose the order of the expansion of displacements and transverse stresses. This class of model has been contemplated over the last few decades. The so-called mixed variation approach based on the variation principles developed by Hellinger was proposed and then improved by Reissner. In this theory the number of variables that must be computed should be at least 2n, where n is the total number of layers. By using the weak form of Hookes Law the number of variables can be significantly reduced, which shows the variables in terms of the three displacements only. Shimpi et al. [11] derived tw o novel formulations with only two variables, which work perfectly for moderately thick isotropic plates. The major limitation is that it requires accurately calculated shear correction factors for transverse shear stresses in multilayered composite plates. Conclusion In this literature review, various composite laminate plate theories have been categorized. The advantages and limitations of each model have been discussed in detail. This paper mainly focused on how efficiently and accurately the various models can predict the transverse shear effects. It is explained that CLT and FSDT are unable to efficiently predict transverse shear stresses of both moderately thick and thick laminated composite plates. Higher order shear deformation theories were developed in order to obtain accurate transverse shear stresses. Also, the zigzag theories satisfying inter laminar continuity of transverse shear stresses at interfaces is unable to accurately compute transverse shear stresses directly from constitutive equations. 3D equilibrium equations have to be adopted to accurately obtain transverse shear stresses which also require heavy computational processing because of the large number of variables which depend on the number of layers, they become impractic al for engineering applications. Some researchers have recently tried to use the transverse shear and warping effect in highly anisotropic composite to passively control the composite structure. Smart passive adaptive structures are a new technological approach for introducing smart and predictable composite materials with wide ranging applications. They can be used to exploit the effects of shear and elastic coupling and link stretching to bending to twisting of the structure. This requires a higher understanding and in-depth knowledge of inter laminar shear. Therefore, predicting transverse shear effect accurately and in practical way for various engineering applications is imperative.

Abuse of Power Reflected in the Politics and Drama of Ancient Greece Es

Individual Abuse of Power Reflected in the Politics and Drama of Ancient Greece The Greeks believed that too much power entrusted in one person was dangerous. They were the first democratic society in a tumultuous world of kings and emperors, and they were proud of their ideology. Considering their fervent belief in rule by many, its not surprising that many Greek dramas revolve around an individual hero or a king's fall from power because of pride or some other personality flaw. Well-known characters in some of the greatest Greek tragedians' plays illustrate this idea. In Aeschylus's Agamemnon, the title character is a returning king who behaves arrogantly and thoughtlessly. He is murdered by his wife and his kingdom falls apart. Sophocles's character Oedipus ends up killing his father, losing his kingdom and his wife and mother, and becoming a blind, wandering outcast for the rest of his life. Jason in Euripides's Medea deserts his family for a new marriage which he hopes will further his station, but his old wife kills his new wife and his children, ending hi s hopes for a shining future. The evolving theme of an individual's weakness and subsequent downfall supports the Greek's democratic system, where no individual becomes too powerful. Agamemnon is a great warrior, but not a great family man. On his way to the Trojan war, he sacrificed his daughter to the gods so that his ships would be able to arrive safely and swiftly. This is an especially rotten thing to do because the war is being waged to reclaim just one woman, Helen. It is hard to justify killing one’s own daughter so that somebody else can get his wife back. However, war is what he is good at, and if he didn’t sacrifice his daughter he would be letting down ... ...ach fall from their power into death or despair. They had become too powerful, too arrogant, and too ambitious, and so the gods cut them down. This pattern of kings falling from power because of weaknesses and character flaws is very common in Greek dramas. The Greeks were proud of their democratic system, and their dramas reflected their belief that their society, ruled jointly by representatives of the people, was best in a world full of unstable and dangerous monarchies. The gods despise men who rise too high and seek to become too great. So do the Greeks. Works Cited Aeschylus. Agamemnon. Greek Tragedy. Eds. A. Cook and E. Dolin. Dallas: Spring Publishing, Inc., 1992. Euripedes; Medea; Trans. Rex Warner. The Harcourt Brace Anthology of Drama: Third Edition. Orlando: Harcourt, 2000. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1991.

Critique of Health Related Information Sources

Critique of Health Related information sources Abstract Background – The internet is a vast source of information containing over 70 000 health related sites and discerning credible sites can often be a challenging task. It is important however so that reliable information can be obtained. Methods – A series of critique questions were devised to determine the credibility of a health based online journal article and health based website. Questions were determined according to guidelines based on accuracy, links to authority, current relevance, scope of coverage, objectivity and design of each source advised by Hendrix and Winters (2001) [2].Findings – Journal Article; was deemed a credible source coming from a peer reviewed journal with many credible references and no apparent bias or conflict of interest. The main author had significant authority and relevance in the given field and discussions were examined in depth. Most limitations are accounted for though no mention was made regarding possible complications of using slightly out dated data. Findings – Website; was deemed a non-credible source according the critique questions.Very few authors could be linked to articles and most articles were associated with product promotion indicating high levels of bias. While articles were maximum 4 years old, no references were made to original findings and therefore age and accuracy of data could not be confirmed. Conclusion – keeping in mind critiquing criteria is important when discerning any information sourced from the internet whether it is peer-reviewed or not as this does not guarantee 100% credibility. The website chosen was relatively easy to discern.More thought and critical thinking would be required to discern more popular health websites. Introduction Websites can be created by anyone with access to a computer and internet [1] and are subject too misleading or incorrect information whether accidentally or maliciously [2]. There are over 70 000 health-related websites available [3] the form of journals, websites, blogs, other social media, the list goes on. As a health professional, one needs to be aware of the extensive amounts of new and existing research available over the internet, but also how to valuate, discern and decide which information is reliable. Deciding the credibility of a website is not always straight forward. Research shows that even credible websites may not necessarily always provide highly accurate health information [4]. A study found internet to be a desirable medium used by collage students with 74% of participants obtaining health information from the internet via websites such as Yahoo, Ask Jeeves and health. com [5].Some of these sites may seem reputable but are not subject to peer-reviewing. Information subject to peer-review, such as online journals, is significantly more likely to be credible and contain reliable information [6]. The aim of this report is to evaluate an d critique, two health related internet sources, a journal article ‘Energy density of foods and beverages in the Australian food supply: influence of macronutrients and comparison to dietary intake’ [7] and a website ‘Goodhealth. com’ [8] MethodsSources were critiqued based on criteria adapted from Hendrix and Winters (2001) [2]. Detailed questions were answered in regards to the following topics; accuracy, links to authority, current relevance, scope of coverage, objectivity and design of each source. This information was then critically analysed to determine the reliability and credibility of each source. Findings Journal Article – Energy density of foods and beverages in the Australian food supply: influence of macronutrients and comparison to dietary intake. [7]This article explores the relationship between energy density and the percentage of energy as fat, carbohydrate or percent water weight of individual foods and beverages listed in the 1999 Australian Food and Nutrient Database [9] composed by Food Standards Australia and New Zealand [10], as well as Australian dietary intake data obtained from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey (9). Links are made between relationships found in this and other studies towards the increase in overweight and obesity in Australia and worldwide.Analysis This is a peer-reviewed study sourced from the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, straight away indicating likely reliability. Methods, while generally clear, failed to sufficiently describe how energy density was calculated for Australian dietary intake data. Logical assumptions can be made as to how this was done, but further clarity is required. Data used was collected from 3673 individual foods, 247 beverages and dietary information from 13 858 people.This high volume of information and participants allowed for greater range of variances and increased reliability of findings. Results clearly presented findings and statistical evid ence to support relationships (or lack of) between energy density and main macronutrient energy source. The article is well referenced, citing 23 references, particularly articles from the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition plus other journals and databases such as the Australian Food and Nutrient Database. According to SciVerse Scopus [7] this article is cited in 13 additional articles.Author, TC Crowe, Associate Professor and academic at the School of Exercise and nutrition at Deakin University has been involved with many studies prior to and since this article [11,12]. Though published in 2004, all the data used is from 1999 and 1995, making it slightly outdated. Due to the nature of the study, date is an unlikely relevant criteria. It is possible an influx of new products could have affected results of the study, though for this to be determined, a similar study would need to be carried out using the most recent AusNut from 2007 [9] .Recent studies that support the findings of this article are referenced throught the discussion, though most focus more on the relationship between energy density and overweight and obesity problems. As this is published in a nutrition journal, it can be assumed that the target audience is a combination of health professionals, academics, university students and government officials. The depth in which the article explains its findings is thorough yet simple, making it easy to understand even without a health or science background.The results section visually represents the data so that relationships can easily be seen and supports with appropriate statistical evidence. The discussion section does not go into great scientific detail but includes supporting information from other studies and focuses on the relationships between energy density and macronutrients and the links towards overweight and obesity issues. There is no apparent evidence towards any conflict of interest regarding the main author and study. Crowe was gu arantor and involved in all stages of the study with support from the remaining authors [7].Data used was collected by independent organisations, which further eliminates any possibility of any bias while publication in a European journal increases credibility from an Australian circle to a more global view. This is an observational study design which provides level III-3 evidence according to the NHMRC guidelines [13]. The design of the methods allowed results to be presented in a clear and concise manner, easily portraying the studies findings. The study acknowledges that it was, however, limited by the following; 1. Population daily food intake was collected over a 24 hour time period.Dietary habits are subject to change daily and different days could present different results. 2. No weighting system was used regarding daily food intake thus may lead to bias by under or over representing a particular food. 3. Comparisons cannot be made between individual foods and population dail y intake due to differences in data sets. Other limiting factors may include differences in food consumption habits and availability between 1995 and 1999. Evaluation The evaluation provides sufficient information to determine this study is a reliable source.While there is some room for improvement in methods and certain limitations need to be noted, it comes from a reliable source and cites many articles from similarly reliable sources. There are no apparent conflicts of interest and whilst slightly outdated, the results are not likely to vary greatly over time. Health Related Website – www. goodhealth. com. au The website titled ‘Good Health Now! ’ [9] is a small collection of health related articles ranging from 2009 to 2012 along with links to recent health related news articles from ABC News [14] and Natural news [15].Many (non news) articles have an external link located within the article. The website is well presented, aesthetically pleasing and seems to supply a varied range of health topics. After short investigation, however, it is apparent information on each topic Is quite limited. Analysis When looking at the accuracy of the website there appears to be no process in which the information has been reviewed or critically analysed before being posted. No references are found within the text nor listed at the end with the exception of one article, which had a direct link to an article from the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition [16].There were however, links in many articles to generally unfamiliar sites relating to the issue of discussion, often offering a product or service. While ABC News appears a reputable source, some headline appear to have authors and quotes or references while others appear to be press releases containing relatively general and basic information. Articles within the website have 1 of 3 author names; Admin, Katrina or Guest. Searching Admin or Katrina produced no information though some information cou ld be found regarding the Guest articles.The end of each Guest article presented a small biography titled either Author Bio, Bio or no heading at all. Those without the heading Author Bio assumed the biography was not regarding the article author. While it is possible to contact site administrators through the site, not contact information is available. Accounting these factors no judgment can be made on any authors level of authority or expertise with the exception of the few named Guest authors where further research would need to be done.Considering the high number of links to related sites promoting products, there is a strong bias towards product awareness, particularly regarding Guest articles. No specific ‘last update’ date was found on the website though each article states the publishing date. Articles range in date from 2009 to 2012 appearing relatively current, however the audience are unable to determine the age of the data this information was sourced from. Aimed at health conscious adults, the website boasted a motto of ‘enabling all the live a healthy, happy life’ with a not so hidden agenda towards advertisement and product promotion.While some articles provided some detailed information many were lacking in detail. The provided a brief overview to draw the customer in [17] but then required them to search further if truly interested. Language and detail was very simple therefore there was lots of room for improvement in detail and coverage of article in general. Evaluation While initially appearing professional, lack of evidence and references significantly demises the source’s credibility, with the high amount of product promotion suggesting excessive levels of bias in featured articles.Combined with lack of detailed, sufficient information this site appears to be neither reliable nor credible. Conclusion Completion of reviewing sources illustrates the importance of evaluating information found on the internet . The critiquing criteria used provided a solid guide to deciphering the reliability of each source. While journal articles are generally deemed a reliable source care must be taken to ensure they are peer-reviewed, even then, this does not guarantee 100% reliability. Consequently, the critiquing criteria should always be kept in mind. Lack of credibility of the Good Health Now! 9] website was quickly apparent once investigation started. A lot more attention and investigation would be required if investigating more well known health websites such as health. com or WebMD. Credibility is a lot less apparent and investigation would become significantly more reliant on the critiquing framework. ? References (1) McGowan J. Evidence-based health care and the Internet. Canadian Medical Association. Journal 1998 Oct 06;159(7):843-843. (2) Hendrickx L, Winters C. Evaluating healthcare information on the Internet: Guidelines for nurses. Crit Care Nurse 2001;21(2):62-5, 67-8. 3) Ahmann E. Supp orting families' savvy use of the Internet for health research. Pediatr Nurs 2000;26(4):419-23. (4) Kunst H, Groot D, Latthe PM, Latthe M, Khan KS. Accuracy of information on apparently credible websites: Survey of five common health topics. Br Med J 2002 Mar 09;324(7337):581-2. (5) Escoffery C, Miner KR, Adame DD, Butler S, al e. Internet Use for Health Information Among College Students. Journal of American College Health 2005;53(4):183-8. (6) Lazaroiu G. The Quality and Credibility of Process Control in Research. Economics, Management and Financial Markets 2012;7(2):185-191. 7) Crowe TC, La Fontaine ,H. A. , Gibbons CJ, Cameron-Smith D, Swinburn BA. Energy density of foods and beverages in the Australian food supply: Influence of macronutrients and comparison to dietary intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58(11):1485-91. (8) Good Health Now! [internet] No Date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. goodhealth. com. au/ (9) Australian Food and Nutrient Database (1999): Australia n and New Zealand Food Authority. Available from: http://www. foodstandards. gov. au/ (10) McLennan W ; Podger A (1998); National Nutrition Survey. NutrientIntakes and Physical Measurements, Catalogue No. 4805. 0 Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics. (11) Crowe TC, Cameron-Smith D. Low-carbohydrate diets in Australia: prevalence and public perceptions. Med J Aust 2005 Jun 06;182(11):594-5. (12) Crowe TC, Seligman SA, Copeland L. Inhibition of enzymic digestion of amylose by free fatty acids in vitro contributes to resistant starch formation. J Nutr 2000;130(8):2006-8. (13) Australian Government – National Health and Medical Research Council. NHMRC Levels of Evidence and Grades for recommendations for developers of guidelines. 2009 Dec. 14) ABC News [Internet] No date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. abc. net. au/news/ (15) NaturalNews. com [Internet] Not date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. naturalnews. com/index. html (16) Njike V, Faridi Z, Dutta S, Gonzalez-Simon A, Katz DL. Daily egg consumption in hyperlipidemic adults – Effects on endothelial function and cardiovascular risk. Nutrition Journal 2010;9(1):n/a. (17) Good Health Now! – True Causes of Diabetes [internet] No Date [cited 2012 Sep 13] Available from: http://www. goodhealth. com. au/220/conditions/diabetes/the-true-causes-of-diabetes/