Oral Health Status of Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women

Oral Health Status of Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women â€Å"ORAL HEALTH STATUS AMONG PREGNANT AND NONPREGNANT WOMEN OF AGRA CITY A HOSPITAL BASED STUDY† ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Pregnancy is often thought to be a time of happiness for the expectant mothers but it does not only influence her own oral health status but also may increase her risk of other diseases. OBJECTIVE To compare the oral health status among pregnant and nonpregnant women of Agra city. MATRIALS AND METHOD A cross sectional study was carried out among 425 pregnant and 425 nonpregnant women of 18-45 years attending the hospital. A pretested proforma designed in local language for collecting all the relevant information was used which included questions regarding personal information, oral hygiene practices, frequency of dental visits, education, occupation, gravid status along with a self-reported oral health status questions. The investigator was calibrated before the start of the study in order to limit the intra-examiner variability. RESULTS A total of 850 subjects with a mean age of 29.30 ±3.30 years were examined. The mean DMFT was found to be 3.02 ±1.79 and 1.79 ±1.90 in pregnant and nonpregnant respectively. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that pregnancy had effect on the gingiva and on periodontal attachment levels. Overall oral health was poorer among pregnant women than nonpregnant women. KEY WORDS Gravid status, Oral Health Status, Oral hygiene. INTRODUCTION Pregnancy brings about physical, physiological and psychological changes in women. It affects almost all systems and parts of the body including the oral cavity. Due to changes in the hormones, many opportunistic organisms gain access to various parts of the body in the absence of proper care1. Pregnancy constitutes a special physiological state characterized by a series of temporary adaptive changes in body structure, as a result of an increased production of estrogen, progestron, gonadotropins and relaxin among other hormones. The oral cavity is also affected by such endocrine actions and may present both transient and irreversible changes as well as modifications that are considered pathological2. Pregnancy related oral changes are most marked and frequent in gingival tissue. Gingival inflammation and pregnancy have now been linked for many years; as early as 1978, Vermeeran discussed â€Å"toothpains† in Pregnancy. In 1818, Pitcarin described gingival hyperplasia in pregnancy3. Pinard first described this situation in 1877 characterized with erythema, hyperplasia and increased bleeding4. Women’s pregnancy experience not only influences her own oral health status but also may increase her risk of other diseases. High levels of oral diseases may also have an impact on the Oral Health Related Quality of Life. Although some studies on pregnant women have been reported, they have been limited to exploring the impact of certain factors, such as pain, on the Oral Health Related Quality of Life4. Pregnancy gingivitis marked by the gingival inflammation is the most common condition seen during the pregnancy due to hormonal changes particularly during the second trimester of gestation. The signs and symptoms of pregnancy gingivitis, however do not differ from the gingivitis seen in non pregnant women5. It has been noted that the gingivitis in pregnancy is related to the accumulation of dental plaque and maintenance of proper oral hygiene in pregnant women can play an important role in preventing this condition and maintaining a healthy gingival state6. There is a growing acceptance of the fact that oral disorders too can have a significant impact on physical, social and mental well-being during pregnancy. No study has been conducted on Oral Health Related Status of pregnant and non pregnant women in Agra city. Keeping the above facts in mind, an attempt was made to carry out a comparative hospital based study on Oral Health Status of pregnant and nonpregnant women attending selected hospitals in Agra city. MATERIALS AND METHOD A cross sectional study was carried out among 425 pregnant and 425 nonpregnant women of 18-45 years attending the hospital. A pilot study was conducted on 100 (n=50) pregnant and nonpregnant women each with OHRQoL as a main parameter. The prevalence of Oral Impact on Daily Performance was 76%. The estimated sample size for the study based on prevalence of Oral Impact on Daily Performance was calculated to be 827. Keeping in mind the non-response rate in each hospital, sample size of 850 subjects was taken. To obtain the total sample size of 850, 85 pregnant and 85 nonpregnant women from each of the five zone were randomly selected. INCLUSION CRITERA Subjects reporting in the hospitals Subjects willing to participate in the study. Subjects of 18-45 years age group. EXCLUSION CRITERIA Subjects suffering from any systemic disease Subjects in critical condition. Ethical clearance for the study was obtained by the Ethical Committee of K.D. Dental College and Hospital, Mathura. Also informed consent was taken from the women prior to the examination. A pretested Questionnaire and proforma designed in local language for collecting all the required and relevant information was used. The questionnaire included questions regarding name, age, socioeconomic status, oral hygiene practices, frequency of dental visits, education, occupation, gravid status along with a self-reported oral health status questions. Clinical examination included Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S), Gingival Index, Community Periodontal Index and DMFT/DMFS. Oral examination was done using mouth mirror, probe and natural light. Self-reported oral health status was assessed by asking eight questions that collected information about periodontal health and dental health. The eight questions were: Do you have bleeding gums?; burning gums?; swollen gums?; loose teeth?; decayed teeth?; tooth pain?; food lodgment between teeth?; sensitive teeth?. These questions were dichotomized into present and absent. The data obtained was compiled systematically from a pre-coded proforma in computer and a master table was prepared. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 16.0 Statistical Analysis Software. Results on continuous measurement were presented in Mean ±SD (Min-Max) and results on categorical measurements were presented in Number (%). Significance was assessed at 5% level of significance. RESULTS A total of 850 study subjects were selected out of which 61(7.17%) were of the age group 20-25 years with mean age observed 29.30 ±3.30. Among pregnant women, 204(48%) had poor OHI-S scores(Table.1), 198(46.58%) had moderate gingivitis(Table.2), 61(14.35%) had CPI score 4 (Table.3) and 37(8.71%) had LOA score 2 (Table.4). The mean number of decayed, missing and filled teeth were 3.42 ±2.66, 2.91 ±2.01 and 3.01 ±1.98 respectively among pregnant group. The mean scores for self reported oral health status, among pregnant group was 64.38 ±5.59 for decayed teeth and among nonpregnant group was 65.81 ±5.36 for burning gums (Table.5). TABLE.1 DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SUBJECTS ACCORDING TO OHI-S SCORES AMONG PREGNANT AND NONPREGNANT GROUP TABLE.2 DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SUBJECTS ACCORDING TO GINGIVAL INDEX SCORES AMONG PREGNANT AND NONPREGNANT GROUP TABLE. 3 DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SUBJECTS ACCORDING TO CPI SCORES AMONG PREGNANT AND NONPREGNANT GROUP TABLE. 4 DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SUBJECTS ACCORDING TO LOA SCORES AMONG PREGNANT AND NONPREGNANT GROUP TABLE 5: DISTRIBUTION OF STUDY SUBJECTS ACCORDING TO SELF- REPORTED ORAL HEALTH STATUS AMONG PREGNANT AND NONPREGNANT GROUP DISCUSSION In our study, out of the total study population of 850 pregnant and nonpregnant women, 359(42.23%) women were below the age of 30 years, which was in accordance to the studies conducted by Ingrida Vasiliauskiene et al7 and Gaffeid M et al8. On the contrary, in the study conducted by Nuamah and Annan9 20% of pregnant women and 21.4% of nonpregnant group belonged to the age group of 30-35 years. In the present study, among the total study population, 29.30 ±3.30 was the mean age. The results of our study were similar to the study conducted by Machuca et al10, in which the mean age was 30.1 ±1.90. On the contrary, studies conducted by Yalcin et al11 and Tilakarante et al12 showed the mean age pattern of 18.62 ±3.01 and 19 ±2.90 respectively. Among pregnant population 204(48%) had poor oral hygiene. On the contrary, in the study conducted by Santosh Kumar et al13 among total study population only 25% had poor oral hygiene. In our study, among the total study subjects, mean OHI-S score was 2.65 ±0.85. On the contrary, in the study conducted by Ingrida Vasiliauskiene et al7 mean OHI-S score among total study subjects was 1.79 ±1.13. The reason behind this is that during pregnancy, gums are more susceptible to the damaging effects of plaque, gingiva become more edematous and fragile due to which during brushing it bleeds quickly. The problem is compounded if women hav e morning sickness nausea and vomiting which make it hard to brush teeth regularly resulting in more plaque accumulation. Among pregnant group, about half of the total study subjects i.e 46.58% had moderate gingivitis. Results of our study were similar to the studies conducted by Yalcin et al11 and Tilakarante et al12. In our study, among the total study subjects, it was found that 98(11.52%) had healthy periodontium On the contrary, studies conducted by Santosh Kumar et al13 and Ingrida Vasiliauskiene et al7 found that approximately half of the total study population i.e 49.8% had healthy periodontium whereas, among pregnant group 36.6% and among nonpregnant group 61% had healthy periodontium. While the study conducted by Miyazaki et al14 stated that 82% of the pregnant study population had 4 or 5mm pocket which is much higher in comparison to our study. In our study, the mean scores among pregnant group and non pregnant group was 64.38 ±5.59 for decayed teeth and 65.81 ±5.36 for burning gums respectively. No earlier studies have been carried out that show distribution of study subjects according to self- reported oral health status among pregnant and non pregnant groups. In conclusion, results of the study showed that oral health status among pregnant and nonpregnant group of Agra city was not good. The study also drew attention towards the need for highlighting the importance of maintaining oral health during pregnancy. Regular dental care is a key component to good oral and general health. It can be stated that there is a need for the health care professionals to acknowledge the importance of good oral health in ensuring a safe and successful pregnancy and overcome misconceptions regarding rendering of essential dental care during this vital period in a woman’s life. REFERENCES Shashidhar Acharya and Parvati V. Bhat. Oral health related quality of life during pregnancy. American Association of Public Health Dentistry 2009;69:7477. Tracy M. Dellinger and H. Mark Livingston. Pregnancy:physiologic changes and considerations for dental patients. British Journal of Obstetric and Gynaecology 2006;5:677-697. Ojanotko-Harri AO, Harri M.P, Hurltia H.M and Sewon L.A. Altered tissue metabolism of progesterone in pregnancy gingivitis and granuloma. Journal of Clinical Periodontalogy 1991;18:262-266. Steinberg B.J. Woman’s oral health issues. Journal of Dental Education 1999;63:271-275. Miyagi M., Aoyama H., Moroshita M and Iwamoto Y. Effects of sex hormones on chemotaxis of human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1992;63:2832. Laine M.A. Effect of pregnancy on periodontal and dental health. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica Journal 2002;60:257-264. Ingrida Vasiliauskiene. Oral health status of pregnant women. Stomatologia, Baltic Dental and Maxillofacial Journal 2003;5:57-61. Gaffield M., Brenda J.,Gilbert C., Malvitz D.M. and Romaguera R. Oral Health during Pregnancy. Journal of American Dental Association 200;132:189-194. Nuamah I and Annan B.D. Periodontal status and oral hygiene practices of pregnant and non-pregnant women. East African Medical Journal 1998;75:712–714. Machuca G., Khoshfeiz O., Lacalle R.J., Machuca C. and Bullon P. The influence of general health and socio – cultural variables on the periodontal condition of pregnant women. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1999;70:779–785. Yalcin F., Eskinazi E., Soydinc M., Basegmez C., Issever H. and Isik G. The effect of socio cultural effects on periodontal condition in pregnancy. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2002;74:178-182. Tilakaratne A., Soory M., Ranasinghe AW., Corea SMX., Ekanayake S L. and Desilva M. Periodontal disease status during pregnancy and 3 months post partum, in a rural population of Sri-Lankan women. Journal of Clinical Periodontalogy 2000;27:787-792. Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Prachi Agarwal and Preksha Jain. Dental status and its socio-demographic influences among pregnant women attending a maternity hospital in India. Journal of Clinical Express in Dentistry 2007;3:183-192. Miyazaki H, Yamashita Y and Shirahama R. Periodontal conditions of pregnant women assessed by CPITN. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1991:18:751-4. Manau C, Echeverria A, Agueda A, Guerrero A and Echeverria JJ. Periodontal disease definition may determine the association between periodontitis and pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2008; 35: 385-397. Navin Anand Ingle, Akila Ganesh, Preetha Elizabeth Chaley and V. Chandrasekhara Reddy. A survey on dental knowledge and gingival health of pregnant women attending government maternity hospital, Chennai. Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 2011;5:24-30.

Scotch whisky research institute

Scotch whisky research institute INDUSTRIAL CASE STUDY REPORT SCOTCH WHISKY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SWRI) INTRODUCTION The Scotch Whisky Research Institute (SWRI) is a registered company in Scotland which serves the needs of distillery companies in Scotland and also worldwide. It is situated in the Robertson Trust building of Heriot Watt Universitys north research avenue campus at Riccorton, Edinburgh. It is a much focussed research organisation which helps various companies associated with it in Whisky research. It carries out research right from raw material to bottling of whisky, which includes every step in the manufacturing process. It was started by some Scotch whisky companies in 1979 with a common interest to carry out research based on the Scotch whisky. Primarily it was started by Jim Gray, Eric Dewar and Jim Swan. Scotch whisky has its unique reputation worldwide, basically due to its quality and flavour. But there was a lot to know about the manufacturing process, chemical/biological conversions taking place in the process. Whisky companies at that time recognised the need of enough research to be done in this area and also on identifying the flavours of whisky, and this is the reason why they required a common platform and hence established SWRI. It is a charity registered in Scotland which does research only for the benefits of the distillery industries. At SWRI, a wheel named Pentland Wheel was developed which is basically used to describe various flavour and aroma of whisky in a descriptive manner. Today all the Scotch whisky companies protect their unique identity in the market by producing the exact typical flavour which the customer likes. Hence flavour plays an important role for a whisky to sustain the competition in the market. This institutes main aim is to preserve the good wheel of Scotch whisky by developing techniques to identify the originality of whisky to be called as a scotch whisky, thus eliminating the imitating spirit products in the market which may affect the entire Scotch whisky industry. BUSINESS ASPECTS Scotch Whisky Research Institute (SWRI) is a UKAS 1960 accredited laboratory which ensures customers of good quality results. It is basically an RD organisation. It has members from various countries around the world. Some of the companies associated with it are Chivas Brothers (France), Diageo (UK), Glenmorangie (France), Inverhouse (Thailand), Morrison Bowmore (Japan), Whyte Mackey (India), Bean Global (USA), Dranburie (Scotland), Ian Macleod (Scotland), North British Distillers (Scotland), John Dewar sons (Bermuda), Edrington (Scotland), WM Grant Sons (Scotland), etc. It also got knowledge transfer partnerships with universities like Heriot-Watt University, University of Birmingham, University of Nottingham, University of Abertay Dundee and Institutes like The Scotch Whisky Association, Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI), Brewing Research International (BRI), The Gin and Vodka Association (GVA), Institute of Brewing and Distilling (IBD), John Innes Centre, Food Standards Agency (FSA) etc. At present it has got around 24 full time employees. They work under four different groups, namely Executive Board, Main board, Research Management Committee and Technical Liasion Group. These divisions in turn accounts for the systematic and organised work in the research institute. SWRI addresses longer term technical issues to ensure distilling sustainability. It has a thoroughly trained sensory panel of 19 members, who are experienced in a range of spirit products. These sensory panel members carry out the sensory analysis of various whisky products. Is has UKAS (ISO-17025) accreditation for key methods used in the analysis and research process. Its research work is carried out in areas like Authenticity analysis, Flavour understanding, Linking Chemical Sensory profiles etc. It concentrates on the quality of the Scotch whisky and tries to make the production process much easier and economical to the manufacturers. Scotch whisky is the largest category of whisky sold in the world. It is sold in over 200 countries worldwide. The top ten countries which exported Scotch whisky from Scotland in 2008 were USA, France, Spain, Singapore, South Korea, Greece, Germany, South Africa, Taiwan, and Venezuela respectively. Also there is great demand for Scotch whisky in countries like India, China various gulf countries. In 2008, 300,475,617 litres of Scotch whisky has been exported. This equates to  £ 3,027,303,874 in value of business. It means that approximately 25% of UK food drink exports is only through scotch whisky. This tells us the demand of the product in the world market. Hence SWRI tries to monitor and save the whole whisky market of Scotland and world too. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES The research activities carried out by SWRI can be grouped under following categories: RAW MATERIALS Various research activities are carried out on the raw materials used in the whisky making like Barley, Wheat, Cereals, Starch, and Yeast etc. Genetics of all these raw materials are studied and also there is research work going on the action of Endogenous enzymes produced from raw materials during processing. PROCESSING The process of fermentation and distillation are studied in depth at SWRI and the whole whisky making process is made easier by implementing best methods and materials in the process. There is also very much interest about the flavour/Sensory aspects of the whisky and hence regularly the sensory characteristics of different whiskies are studied in detail at SWRI and work is going on to obtain best flavour for whisky. Apart from the above research, various areas like Maturation, Product Protection, Technical Support, Sustainability etc are also studied a lot at SWRI and appropriate research is carried out to protect the originality of Scotch whisky and to improve the whole whisky making process. ANALYTICAL EXPERTISE A range of analytical techniques specific methods are developed for whisky other spirits. Its research work include Authentic analysis Flavour understanding Linking chemical and sensory profiles Research is carried out on the Maturation Warehousing process as well so as to decrease the amount of alcohol loss during maturation in Oak casks. SWRI is also very keen in improving both the Malt and Grain whisky process on the whole by developing perfect methods and materials to get optimum results. Minimum alcoholic strength of the whisky must be 40% and has to be made from, processed and matured for at least 3 years in the Scotland in order to be called it as a Scotch whisky. The pot still design is very important in Grain Malt whisky process because it ultimately affects the final product by contributing to the flavour of the whisky. CONCLUSION Scotch whisky has a very good reputation worldwide for its taste and quality that it offers and hence there is a need to protect its brand image. There is also very much need for the Scotch whisky to sustain in a market where various duplicates to the Scotch whisky are constantly made. There is a need to identify the originality of Scotch whisky, thereby eliminating the duplicate ones. Also attention must be paid to increase the production level and to maintain a low product making selling cost in order to meet the ever growing demand to the Scotch whisky worldwide. Use of the genetically engineered strains of yeast for the fast and enhanced fermentation without altering the metabolic reactions must be considered in future for efficient whisky production. Amount of alcohol lost during maturation in casks must be eliminated by changing the cask design and environmental conditions at storage. Finally I think it is the duty of SWRI and Scottish government to protect the name and fame o f scotch whisky in the world market and also to improve the process technically and economically to sustain in the future global market in which scotch whisky has got some billions of pounds business to make. REFERENCES Scotch Whisky Research Institute [online]. Available from www.swri.co.uk [accessed 05 January 2010] Presentation by James Brosnan (research manager) at SWRI on 21 October 2009.

Controlling Corporate Farming Essay -- Agriculture Farm Essays Papers

Controlling Corporate Farming 'Sixty-one percent of America's agriculture output comes from corporate farms' (Abbey, 2002). 'Nationwide there are 163,000 corporate operations and 63% of these are under contract to a consolidated firm' (Abbey, 2002). Stated by Fred Kirschenmann, 'If current trends of consolidation continue, and all the farms in Iowa become 225,000 acre farms, there will be only 140 farms in the entire state' (Abbey, 2002). Large corporations are coming in and taking over the farming industry. They are making it almost impossible for small, family operated farms to survive. 'The six and a half million small farms of 1935 decreased to 575,000 by 1998? (Abbey, 2002). The large corporations are using the land like miners-they strip it down and get what they need, but they don't put anything back to it. Studies have shown that the family farms take care of the soil and put back the nutrients they use. There are different anti-corporate farming laws around the country that are trying to protect the small family farming industry. ?Contrary to misinformation, the world?s embattled small farms are two to ten times more productive per unit than large, tax-subsidized and chemical based operations run by corporate agriculture? (Earth Island Journal, 2000). Many people agree that the larger corporate farms are producing more, but studies show that small farms are more productive because they keep the soil usable for longer periods of time. Corporate farms are becoming like mines as they are stripping the land of its organic matter and nutrients that are essential to crop production. The corporations usually produce a single commodity under contract with a consolidated... ...celdf.org/cdp/cdp13.asp>. Krause, Kennith R. Corporate Farming: importance, incentives, and state restrictions. Washington D.C: U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1983. Lyson, Thomas A. "Agriculture industrialization, anticorporate farming laws, and rural community welfare." Environment and Planning A 37.8 (2005). McDonough, Molly. "Down On The Farm." ABA Journal 89.11 (2003). "Power of Frames". Turn On the News. Nov. 2, 2005 . "Small Farming is Beautiful." Earth Islan Journal 15.1 (2000). Thompson, Nancy. "Anti-Corporate Farming Laws as Environmental Policy". Core 4. Nov. 2, 2005 . Welsh, Rick. "Anti-Corporate Farming Laws, the "Godschmidt Hypothesis"". Friends of the Constituion. Nov. 2, 2005 .

Genetic Engineering New Teeth :: Genetic Engineering Essays

The article I read was about some scientists that were able to grow teeth inside rats’ bodies. This project was led by Pamela C. Yelick, a scientist for Forsyth Institute, and the project was conducted in Massachusetts. Joseph P. Vacanti, a tissue engineer at Massachusetts General Hospital, and Yelick had the idea for the experiment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vacanti had previously worked with rats and he found that cells will naturally organize themselves into tissues and other complex structures if they are placed in the right environment. Vacanti and Yelick hypothesized that the same approach could be applied to growing teeth. Previous research had identified the stem cells that make dentin, but no one had been able to use the stem cells that make tooth enamel prior to this experiment. The teeth were formed – inside the bellies of rats – using stem cells from pigs. Yelick obtained the cells from discarded pig jaws at a meat packing plant. The scientists removed a molar that had not yet erupted from the pig jaw to use for the project. They ground the molar into small pieces and treated it with enzymes to break it down into small patches of cells. The cells were then placed into a scaffold and implanted into the rats. The scientists placed the scaffolds in the blood-rich tissue near the rats’ intestines. This area provided the nutrients that the cells needed to grow. The rats used in the experiment had weakened immune systems that would not reject the foreign tissue. At that point, the researchers could only wait for the teeth to grow. As an added precaution, the rats were placed in a special clean room behind locked doors. The researchers would periodically x-ray the rats to see if anything had grown, but it was not until after several months that they actually found encouraging splotches inside the rats. This article showed that we can use stem cells to create tooth enamel that we can use for new teeth and other dental needs in the future. Before this project, the idea of creating teeth using stem cells was only a thought. In class we talked about the creation of human organs inside of animals, cloning animals, and cloning humans, but we had not mentioned â€Å"cloning† teeth. Cloning humans brought up many ethical issues, but I do not think â€Å"cloning† teeth would pose any problems. The information in this article seems biased. The Boston Globe is definitely not a scientific journal.

Russell Scott Sanders: a Feminist Past

A feminist is a theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. Russell Scott Sanders, â€Å"The Men We Carry in Our Minds,† discusses his personal observation of the conflict of gender equality that grew in his mind after seeing the harsh lives of his surrounding class of people. It deals with the problems that exist between sex and social class issues. He reveals that the men in this class had no choice over their own destiny in life. Their only ways of making money to barely survive were as factory workers or soldiers. He had envied women for what he thought they had a pleasant lifestyle, spent time in the home looking after the children, compared to the difficult lives of the men having to work at the factories and go to war in the foreign land. This essay demonstrates troubles that lie between rich and poor, males and females. Sander's was born into a poor, low-class family that had only known hard labor. During his childhood he witnessed many men go to the same job day in and day out to do back breaking labor so as to support their families. From his yard he had a view of the prison and watched black prisoner's slave away against the land. Watching them were guards dressed in white that didn't raise an arm or bend their backs to do their job. Sanders claimed that, â€Å"As a boy, [he] also knewof another sort of [man], who did not sweat and break down like mules† (Sanders). He saw soldiers, who didn't work in the factories or the fields, as far as he could tell they didn't work at all. He watched these soldiers from his house on a military base in Ohio. He knew the life of the soldier conceived of little excitement except for in the time of war. Either way, he knew that he neither wanted to inherit his father's life, though after time he prospered, or join the military. As a youngster, he also saw the difference in men and women in the workplace. His ideas of women were ladies who sat around the house reading, tidying up and running errands. To him this was a life of a luxury. In his childhood, he imagined his own destiny as eventually becoming one of these two cruel identities. Due to his early opinions of gender roles in his class, he was â€Å"slow to understand the deep grievances of women† (Sander). In his lifestyle the options of each gender were bleak. He idolized them, though they suffered as men suffered when money was tight, it wasn't their fault or responsibility. As Sanders say's, ‘†¦they were not the ones who failed† (Sanders). In the past, slaves of either sex or women of any race held property in their own labor. The labor of slaves, male and female, belonged to their owners. Free women of every race were conceived as wives and mothers; their labor belonged to husbands and families (as Sanders views). Both engaged in life as well as wage labor without acquiring what more privileged men understood as â€Å"rights to work. This issue of unfairness against women comes far beyond the class differences into our individual life, developed from our past, and in effect turning into an important part of the modern life. For example, free labor was built on a concept of independence in which skill at craft work was associated with a manliness that would preserve dignity while workers earned wages and that promised in the end to release them from wage labor. Men practically symbolized labor to show their manliness by operating industrial machines in which the past women were not allowed to operate. Men [he] knew labored with their bodies. They were marginal farmers just scraping by, or welder’s steelworkers, carpenters; they swept floors, dug ditches, mined coal, or drove trucks, their forearms ropy with muscle; they trained horses, stoked furnaces, built tires, stood on assembly lines wrestling parts onto cars and refrigerators†¦. The nails of their hands were black and split, the hands with tattooed scars† (Sanders). The idea also explicitly excluded women, even wives and daughters, from wage work. Women were usually the ones who catered the men with food or any housekeeping material and taking care of their children. This idea took a transition when he went to college. Sander's was very fortunate to attend college. He himself was very surprised, for among people of his social class, it was a rare opportunity. His views of the world were put into logical perspective. His socialization with the women opened his eyes to the hardships they had to undertake, to get out of the shadow of being a female and be respected for their intellect and hard work. As he felt helpless before for being poor, they in relation felt the same for being of a different gender. He thought he'd made an alliance because of the alienable circumstances that they'd been through. To his disappointment, the females at college did not take him in as a friend, but recognize him as the enemy. Even after he had grown up, escaped his harsh surroundings, and attended college, he often had to deal with the concept of unfairness. For in their lives growing up, being daughters of rich families, they knew from birth that men would become the ones with degrees and would be successful. Sanders proclaimed, â€Å"It was not my fate to become a woman, so it was easier for me to see the graces† (Sanders). This was an example of shift for Sanders; everything he thought he knew about women was turned upside down. Sander’s jealousy over women affects his views in college which creates contradicting elements of dignity towards the women he meets in college. Although the women he meets in college distinguish him as an enemy due to him being a feminist, he still respects their point of views. All Sander want for women to understand is equality. Since the women he meets in college come from a wealthy family and have no idea the way he was raised viewing life from a low class perspective; he tries to prove to them that this world is based on social perceptions rather than human perceptions. Not having a family that works in business and attire he only viewed men as toil workers and women as wives that provide house maintenance for the family. In conclusion, Sanders should be accepted as a feminist all to the women he meets in college. Sanders realized that the women he met wanted to share in the dignity of wealthy jobs worthy of degrees and intelligence. He also realized, â€Å"The difference between [him] and these women was that they saw [him], because of [his] sex, as destined from birth to become like their fathers, and therefore as an enemy to their desires† (Sanders). Sanders main point was that it is easier to overcome gender than class. By Sanders being accepted as a feminist in college he can engage those who are clueless and let them view his perspective. He can show his sympathy that he once faced in his childhood; the envies he had towards women.

“One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest” by Ken Kesey Essay

Throughout history, the struggle of wo custody to recognize and sustain g all overnment agency in society has proven to be difficult, and has coexisted with a rivalry a clearst the opposite sex. Women have been denied many passim the course of history. They have been discriminated a procurest, woolly jobs, lost privileges. Womens suffrage had not actual in the United States until the Nineteenth Amendment, which became rough-and-ready in time to exclusivelyow the select by women nationally in the presidential election of August 18, 1920. Stereotypical thought processs of the saint features of women argon muliebrityhood, maternity, gentility, c be, nurture, and dependency. Not matriarchate, independence, nor strength. Women are not generally associated with these features, and society generally expects women to posses the faux feminine toneistics.This is not the case in the novel One Flew Over the echos Nest, in which Ken Kesey shows a cleaning ladyhood set up h s enior a dominating, respect sufficient subprogram in society and be conflicting to the stereotypical muliebrity figure to evince the validity of the societys views close women and their characters using the loser of the matriarchal womanly character to succeed at her image assumed by her occupation.The matriarchal womanly, Mild ruddy monstrous Nurse Ratched, gains see over her ground in the mental hospital, only fails to replete her duties as a flirt with of heal or helping her patients. The sexist translation of her physical appearance provided by her patients are those typically associated with women, however, she spotly contradicts the typical womanish. She is a matriarchal figure, not maternal. She is powerful, not dependent. And she manipulates complete power over the staff and patients of the hospital. However, her matriarchate does not fulfill her duties assumed by her occupation to heal and help the patients. Instead, she worsens the station by diminis hing their strengths and exposing their imperfectnesses which she does to gain jibe in a way which appeals to her senses. abundant Nurse, or Mildred Ratched, attempts, and succeeds, to create her own orb within the confines of the guard single where she is completely in charge of all her subjects. This depicts her laborious matriarchal role. Her desire to gain complete tally over her milieu uses several strategical moves.After persuade her patients to confess their personal secrets, Ratched is understood by the patients to use the disadvantages of her patients to her own advantage in her fulfillment of gaining absolute power. Nurse Ratched is competent to smell out the fear of her patients and puke it to use (17) As the novel progresses, we alike learn that Ratcheds powers within the ward extend to ludicrous measures as she is up to(p) to order harming of the relatively disruptive patients, which contributes to her large amount of power withing the ward. In legion(p redicate) important scenes, we learn the extent of her power to prevent noisome independence she can, in addition to all the little humanistic discipline of prodding the guilty recesses of her patients consciences, order galvanizing shock, even lobotomize the recalcitrant or however disruptive patient. (Boardman )She achieves control over the ward, as her patients, aware of her power, obey willingly or unwillingly. mack, a patient at the hospital, promises to razz the give suck till she comes a realm at those neat little seams (12). However, he learns that he can be institutionalized as long as the nurse sees fit. He immediately becomes cagey, satisfying, temporarily at least (Boardman)Nurse Ratched is suitable to establish complete control in the ward, and her patients recognize her ability economise total control a grapheme of control that is parallel to a monarchy. In her own realm, Ratched is viewed as a in truth powerful individual, and the patients start to abide by h er rules.Harding, a patient, explains, We are victims of a matriarchy here, my friend, and the doctor is just as baffled against it as we are (54). This sentence is remarkably significant. It accredits the nurse as a dominant character in the hospital, and it also establishes the idea that the patients are not the only ones controlled by her, but the doctors as well. At times, Ratched refers to the sexuality of the men in the institute, making them inferior because of their inabilities.Ratcheds strength, and matriarchial character as a woman directly contradict the assumed characteristics associated with women those of femininity and gentility. This contradiction is established in a way many by critics that feel at the surface of the topic as a sexist description. In quaternate occurrences throughout the progression of the novel, Ratcheds effeminate characteristics are exaggeratively described by the patients much(prenominal) as McMurphy. McMurphy describes Ratched as having t oo red lipstick and the toobig boobs. (43) and as a a bitch and a buzzard and a ballcutter. at that placefore, Ratched directly opposes the traditional gentle view of women as a matriarch but is given over-exaggerated female characteristics. Keseys purpose in creating this occupation between a stereotypical woman and and an ideal woman that is independent and strong is to establish the goalless attempt at triumph of the ideal strong woman.The unsuccessful attempts of Ratched are depicted by her trouble to meet the assumed role of world a nurse that consists of helping and mend her patients. Instead of helping, Ratched proceeds to make the reconcile and maculation of her patients worse and worse as she puts them down about their inabilities and maintains total control over them. Ratched is even viewed as evil. McMurphy explains, No, that nurse aint some rather monster chicken, buddy, what she is is a ball-cutter. Ive seen a thousand of em, old and young, men and women.Seen em all over the country and in the homespeople who try to make you weak so that they can get you to walk the line, to follow their rules, to live like they command you to. If youre up against a hombre who wants to win by making you weaker sort of of making himself stronger, then watch for his knee, hes gonna go for your vitals. And thats what that old buzzard is doing. (58) McMurphy also refers to Ratched as invulnerable and this sets her apart from the typical view of a female and the clichd mother/ fancy woman dichotomy (Quinn) is established in the novel.There is an ambiguity that arises in the course of the novel, and the established dichotomy discussed by Quinn is expanded with a relation of the two parts the matriarch and the whore. Whereas Ratched uses power and control to accomplish her role of care and fails, the two whores introduced by McMurphy gain the trust and sympathy of the reader. They are viewed positively and as kind hearted by the patients in the institutio n. An excellent comparison captures the perception of the two figures Strong women are evil and emasculating (Quinn) and The women viewed positively in the novel are the kind-hearted whores whom Mac introduces to the men and the sympathetic and very flyspeck Japanese nurse who works on the Disturbed ward. (Quinn)Through this direct comparison of the strong woman that is apart from a typical figure and the stereotypical woman that performers an actdirectly associated with women, one can see that the typical woman is able to do what the other cannot gain the middle of the male. While Ratched hides her female characteristics by wearing away a white coat, the whores display their female attributes, and gain a positive view from the society made up of the hospital. McMurphys prior comment of Ratched being dependable is linked to this comparison, since sexuality is a trait apparently missing from Ratched.Ken Kesey depicts the failure of a non-typical female figure to accomplish her go als as a dominating powerful figure by describing Ratched as evil, and comparing her to whores, who are viewed as kind hearted. This obstreperous comparison is uncommon since typically whores are viewed as a malignant part of society and nurses are viewed as purgatory. As a complete opposite, the whores are able to help amend the feelings of the patients, whereas Nurse Ratched fails miserably to accomplish her duty and even worsens the situation of her patients. Through the development of the female characters in the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, Kesey is able to convince the reader that the stereotypical woman is able to successfully help society, musical composition the unusual matriarchal female is ineffective to fulfill her duties by gaining control and physical exercise domination.Works Cited(MLA Format)Boardman, Michael M. One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest Rhetoric and Vision. ledger of Narrative Technique 9. No. 3. reduce 1979. 171-83. Rpt. in contemporaneous Lit erary Criticism.Quinn, Laura. Moby shaft vs. Big Nurse A womens liberationist Defense of a Misogynist textual matter One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. Censored Books Critical Viewpoints. Ed. Nicholas J. Karolides. Lee Burress. earth-closet M. Kean. Scarecrow Press, 1993 398-413. Rpt. in Novels for Students. Vol. 2.Zubizarreta, John. The Disparity of maneuver of View in One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest. Literature/ convey Quarterly 22. No 1. 1994 62-9. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism.

Crime and Rival Gang Member Essay

The Outsiders tells a account statement about two kids named freedom fighter and Pony boy who be in a gang c bothed the Greasers. They make up in a wrong doing homo of gangs and fights. After insurrectionist protects Ponyboy by cleanup spot a rival gang fragment named curtsy, the two boys run away. A spring chicken criminal named Dally helps them escape. After an adventure with a burning church knot dies and Dally dies before long after because of the regret freedom fighters end caused him. In the novel The Outsiders, S.E Hinton demonstrates that violence rear endnister head teacher to nothing more than randy hardships, horror, and death. The low-downest act of crime can very much melt to inner adversity. For instance, freedom fighters parents would beat him and left him feeling safer in a gang or in a parking lot. Due to the parents bother greyback he was forced to lie with a life in a gang, a life of crime, and violence. Johnny felt as if no cared and t hat even if he lived in a gang his parents wouldnt do anything. Another example is when Darry hits Ponyboy for organism late home and Ponyboy runs away.Darry wheeled around and slapped (Ponyboy) so hard that it knocked (him) against the door, that causes emotional stress that gets in the way of family. A small act of violence makes Ponyboy dash away from their home and create division between the two brothers. The final example is when Johnny dies and Ponyboy gets traumatized. The death of Johnny do Ponyboy so confused that he altered and denied reality. Ponyboy was strong on Ponyboy he wasnt in the right mind for a while. offense is frequently the result of an act of violence.The felony of chase trying to kill Pony boy left Johnny having to kill him. They ascribe you in the electric chair for cleanup plurality, and it is only because violence was committed. The crime of Bob trying to kill Ponyboy resulted in his death. The gangs fought and did umteen illegal things that d o them always on the look out for cops. Just because commonwealth may not like distributively other doesnt mean crime need s to be committed. nearly of the clock time crime is involved people get hurt. Lastly Dally robbed a grocery store and the cops give the sacked up firing their weapons at him.When a misbehaviour happens it is either caused by violence or started with violence whether its the police or a gang. The felony Dally committed soon after cost him his life. One of the or so cruel and harsh effects of felony is the aftermath of death. One example is that Johnny gets defeat up by Socs and the next time they try and harm him he kills Bob. The consternation that the Socs would hurt him resorted to Johnny killing Bob. A kid with a pocketknife who is terrified to get hurt can lead to a devastation effect.Secondly is when Johnny dies in the fire. The murder of Bob made Johnny run away and say him into feeling like he had to riskiness his life to save the kids in the church. Because Johnny was guilty with murder it sadly lead to his death. In the end of it all he died because of his act of violence to Bob. Lastly the pass repeats itself when Dally dies out of sorrow of Johnnys death. The death of one made Dally kill himself by twist a gun on the cops. Johnnys death was the cause and end of Dallys.Violence is an action that can only end in paroxysm and misery. Violence in todays society would lead to the collapse of a civilized world. As the world advances with security department and security, less hostility will be shown and the world will become a better place for future generations. With all the progress in technology we shall neer expel violence itself. Although violence wont be destroyed, it is up to us to suppress or reduce death and acts of violence. The world needs to try and incorporate the terrible action from ever possibility again.